2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive Oxygen Species

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-D0844
    Glutathione oxidized
    		98.89%
    Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes.
    Glutathione oxidized
  • HY-B2130A
    Uric acid sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.61%
    Uric acid sodium (Monosodium urate), scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid sodium can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
    Uric acid sodium
  • HY-134495
    N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester
    		≥98.0%
    N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester is an esterified form of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester exhibits enhanced cell permeability, and produce NAC and cysteine. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester increases circulating hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and can be used as an H2S producer. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester has the potential to substitute NAC as a mucolytic agent, and as a GSH-related antioxidant.
    N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester
  • HY-110256
    N-Acetylcysteine amide
    		99.78%
    N-Acetylcysteine amide is a cell membranes and blood brain barrier permeant thiol antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, reduces ROS production.
    N-Acetylcysteine amide
  • HY-B0356A
    Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) monohydrochloride is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.
    Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride
  • HY-B1125
    Glucosamine
    		≥98.0%
    Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine
  • HY-14781
    Levomefolic acid
    		98.55%
    Levomefolic acid (L-5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements.
    Levomefolic acid
  • HY-N0393
    Glabridin
    		99.98%
    Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities.
    Glabridin
  • HY-N0105
    Rhein
    		98.06%
    Rhein is an anthraquinone compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects[1].
    Rhein
  • HY-109804
    CORM-401
    		Inhibitor 98.27%
    CORM-401 is an oxidant-sensitive CO-releasing molecule. CORM-401 induces NO increase in the regulation of endothelial calcium signalling. CORM-401 reduces TNF-α/CHX and H2O2-induced ROS production. CORM-401 uncouples mitochondrial respiration and inhibits glycolysis.
    CORM-401
  • HY-N0394
    L-Cystine
    		≥98.0%
    L-Cystine is an orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine
  • HY-12688A
    Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) inhibitor, effective inhibits (KGDHC) in muscle, bacterial, brain, and cultured human fibroblasts. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) inhibitor, impairs viability of cancer cells in a cell-specific metabolism-dependent manner. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt inhibits the glutamate-induced ROS production in glutamate-stimulated hippocampal neurons in situ.
    Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt
  • HY-111653
    CycLuc1
    		99.72%
    CycLuc1 is a blood-brain barrier permeable luciferase substrate that displays near-infrared (NIR) emission with a peak luminescence wavelength of 599 nm. CycLuc1 can be used for in vivo bioluminescence imaging.
    CycLuc1
  • HY-N0328
    alpha-Mangostin
    		99.64%
    alpha-Mangostin (α-Mangostin) is a dietary xanthone with broad biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. It is an inhibitor of mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H) with a Ki of 2.85 μM.
    alpha-Mangostin
  • HY-N0100
    Naringenin
    		99.27%
    Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.
    Naringenin
  • HY-N0376
    Liquiritin
    		99.68%
    Liquiritin, a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is a potent and competitive AKR1C1 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.62 μM, 0.61 μM, and 3.72μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, respectively. Liquiritin efficiently inhibits progesterone metabolism mediated by AKR1C1 in vivo. Liquiritin acts as an antioxidant and has neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity.
    Liquiritin
  • HY-100542
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium
  • HY-N0796
    Procyanidin B2
    		99.79%
    Procyanidin B2 is a natural flavonoid, with anti-cancer, antioxidant activities.
    Procyanidin B2
  • HY-N0662
    Amentoflavone
    		99.81%
    Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase.
    Amentoflavone
  • HY-P2755
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism
    		Inducer
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism (XO) is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity