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Cytokines are a large group of low molecular weight proteins, polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by various immune cells including macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as other cell types such as endothelial cells. They play important roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and activation, and are involved in many aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokines include interleukins, chemokines, interferons and other signalling molecules[1][2][3]. Growth factors are soluble signaling molecules capable of stimulating a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and multicellular morphogenesis during development and tissue healing. Usually, Growth factors are secreted proteins or steroid hormones[4][5]. The term “Growth factor” and “Cytokine” are often used interchangeably. Some growth factors are small peptides called cytokines. The cytokines affecting cell growth/differentiation signaling pathways are considered growth factors, such as GM-CSF[5][6].
RSPO1/R-spondin-1 is a potent activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and a secretory glycoprotein belonging to the R-spondin family. RSPO1 homotetramers synergize with LRP5/6 via LGR4/5/6 and activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting DKK1/Kremen-mediated LRP6 endocytosis. RSPO1 promotes β-catenin nuclear translocation, drives HSC activation in liver fibrosis, inhibits adipocyte thermogenic gene expression, and promotes intestinal epithelial proliferation. RSPO1/R-spondin-1 Protein, Human (CHO, His) is a recombinant human RSPO1 protein expressed in CHO cells with a C-6*His tag.
IFN-alpha 2 (IFNA2), belongs to type I interferon family, is a protein secreted by cells infected by a virus and acting on other cells to inhibit viral infection. IFN-alpha 2 exerts cytotoxic activity against CD8+ T cells and induces CD4+ T cell depletion. IFN-alpha 2b/IFNA2 Protein, Human contains 165 a.a. (C24-E188), is a protein produced in E. coli with tag free.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a pleiotropic ligand protein belonging to TNFβ family, and is involved in key embryonic development of vascular and valvular homeostasis. BMP-2 binds to type I receptors (ALK-2/-3/-6) and type II receptors (BMPR2, ACVR2A) to regulate various types of calcification, including atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and valve calcification. BMP-2 is overexpressed by myofibroblast and preosteoblast in the calcified area of human calcified valve, which are densely infiltrated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. BMP-2 is the junction between atherosclerotic vascular calcification and normal bone formation mechanism. BMP-2 Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat is 114 a.a. (Q283-R396), expressed in E. coli.
IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein is an insulin-like growth factor that possesses both growth-promoting and metabolic-regulating functions. IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein is also a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective and neuroplasticity-regulating activities. IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein plays a key role in growth and development, cell proliferation, metabolic regulation and other aspects. IGF-I/IGF-1 protein, Human (70a.a) is a recombinant IGF-I/IGF-1 protein expressed by E. coli without a tag.
Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine. TNF alpha binds to its receptors, mainly TNFR1 and TNFR2, and then transmits molecular signals for biological functions such as inflammation and cell death. TNF alpha stimulates NF-κB pathway via TNFR2 promotes cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Anti-TNF-α MAb significantly suppresses the tumor development in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) mouse. TNF alpha as a proneurogenic factor activates the SAPK/JNK Pathway and can facilitate neuronal replacement and brain repair in response to brain injury. TNF-alpha/TNFSF2 Protein, Human is a recombinant protein consisting of 157 amino acids (V77-L233) and is produced in E. coli.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) is a polymorphic ligand protein belonging to the TGF-β family, which is involved in the circulation of the vascular system and can activate receptors on vascular cells. BMP-4 binds to type I receptors (ALK-2/-3/-6) and type II receptors (BMPR2, ACVR2A) to increase plaque formation and promote oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and osteogenic differentiation through its pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic effects. BMP-4 Protein, Human has a total length of 116 amino acids (S293-R408), is expressed in E. coli cells with tag free.
IL-2 protein is mainly produced by activated CD4-positive helper T cells and plays an important role in immune response and tolerance. Binding to IL-2R induces downstream signaling through JAK1 and JAK3 phosphorylation, thereby activating various pathways, including STAT, PI3K, and MAPK. IL-2 Protein, Mouse is the recombinant mouse-derived IL-2 protein, expressed by E. coli.
TRAIL Protein (TNFSF10), a member of the TNF superfamily, is a type II transmembrane protein. TRAIL Protein mainly interacts with TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, and induces apoptosis in tumor or infected cells. TRAIL Protein also binds with DR4, DR5, and OPG. TRAIL Protein can recruit FADD and further recruit and activates caspase-8 after binding to DR4 or DR5. Besides, TRAIL may also trigger nonapoptotic signaling through activating pro-inflammatory pathways. TRAIL protein is mainly expressed on surface of immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cell. TRAIL/TNFSF10 Protein, Human is a recombinant human TRAIL (V114-G281) without any tag, which is expressed in E. coli.
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5; Fibronectin type III repeat-containing protein 2; Irisin; FNDC5
Mouse; Human; Rat
HEK293
Irisin Protein is an important cytokine secreted by muscles during exercise, which has multiple functions such as regulating metabolism and improving health. Irisin Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat (HEK293, His) is a recombinant Irisin Protein expressed by HEK293 and carrying a C-6*His tag.
TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein is initially identified as a growth factor that induces the growth of rodent fibroblasts. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein inhibits the cell cycle in the G1 phase. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 is an endogenous factor controlling apoptosis in normal and pathological tissues. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein, Human is a recombinant protein (A279-S390) produced by CHO cells.
rHuActivin A; Inhibin beta A chain; INHBA; Activin A
Rat; Mouse; Human
HEK293
Activin A, a multifunctional cytokine, is a member of TGF-β superfamily. Activin A first binds to the type II activin receptors (ActIIRA or ActRIIB) on the member surface, and then recruits and phosphorylates type I activin receptors (ActRI). Activin A primarily signal through SMAD2/3 proteins to regulate a variety of functions, including inflammation, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. Activin A Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat (HEK293) is produced in HEK293 cells, and consists of 117 amino acids (G310-S426).
IL-2 Protein, Human activates STAT, PI3K and MAPK pathways. IL-2 Protein, Human increases NK-cell cytolytic activity as a T-cell growth factor. IL-2 Protein, Human regulates the proliferation of activated B-cells and regulatory T-cells. IL-2 Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived IL-2 Protein, expressed by E. coli.
rMuTGF-beta 1/TGFB1; Transforming growth factor beta-1; TGF-β1; LAP
Rat; Mouse
HEK293
TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein is initially identified as a growth factor that induces the growth of rodent fibroblasts. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein inhibits the cell cycle in the G1 phase. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 is an endogenous factor controlling apoptosis in normal and pathological tissues. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein, Mouse (HEK293) is a recombinant protein (A279-S390) produced by HEK293 cells.
NRG1-beta 1 Protein, a specific ligand for ERBB3, belongs to a family of structurally related polypeptide growth factors. NRG1-beta 1 Protein can regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. NRG1-beta 1 Protein plays an important role in tumors and neurological diseases, and also has certain neuroprotective activity. NRG-1 Protein, Human is a recombinant NRG1-beta 1 protein expressed by E. coli without tags.
Noggin Protein is a glycosylated cysteine knot chemokine protein. Noggin is a potent bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. Noggin Protein antagonizes BMP4-induced hypertension, inhibits angiogenesis, regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, and maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Noggin Protein, Human (HEK293) is a recombinant Noggin protein produced by HEK293 cells.
IL-4 Protein, Mouse (CHO) is a species-specific cytokine which promotes the proliferation, differentiation and cell-surface protein modulation of B lymphocytes.
PDGF-BB Protein, Rat is a member of PDGF family, which promotes cell proliferation, survival and migration, through binding to the tyrosine kinase PDGF receptor.
GM-CSF Protein is a hematopoietic growth factor and immunomodulator. By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, GM-CSF Protein activates intracellular signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and function. GM-CSF Protein plays an important role in the hematopoietic process and the immune system. GM-CSF Protein, Human (CHO) is a recombinant GM-CSF Protein expressed by CHO without a tag.
TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein is initially identified as a growth factor that induces the growth of rodent fibroblasts. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein inhibits the cell cycle in the G1 phase. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 is an endogenous factor controlling apoptosis in normal and pathological tissues. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein, Human (HEK293) is a recombinant protein (A279-S390) produced by HEK293 cells.
