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Enzymes can be classified systematically according to the difference between reaction and substrate specificity, and the mechanism of action. Isomerases (EC 5.x.x.x) are a group of enzymes that catalyze isomerization reactions include the epimerases, racemases, and intramolecular transferases. This process involves the change in bond connectivity or spatial arrangements within a single substrate molecule, generating a product with the same chemical formula (described as an isomer). Isomerases are present in the metabolism and genome of most living organisms, catalysing up to 4% of the biochemical reactions present in central metabolism, in particular, carbohydrate metabolism. There are six isomerase EC subclasses: 1) Racemases, epimerases; 2) Cis-trans isomerases; 3) intramolecular oxidoreductases; 4) intramolecular transferases; 5) intramolecular lyases; 6) Other isomerases. Most of the isomerase reactions are unimolecular (one substrate and one product).
Cysteine-Rich With EGF-Like Domain Protein 2; CRELD2
Mouse
HEK293
CRELD2 Protein, potentially acting as a protein disulfide isomerase, may play a role in the unfolded protein response. It is also implicated in regulating the transport of the alpha4-beta2 neuronal acetylcholine receptor, showcasing its versatility in cellular processes related to protein folding and neuronal receptor dynamics. These functions suggest CRELD2's involvement in maintaining cellular homeostasis. CRELD2 Protein, Mouse (HEK293, His) is the recombinant mouse-derived CRELD2 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-His labeled tag.
Cyclophilin B/PPIB protein is a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imide peptide bonds and may contribute to protein folding. This important enzymatic role highlights its importance in ensuring appropriate conformational changes in polypeptide chains, which are critical for functional maturation. Cyclophilin B/PPIB Protein, Human (HEK293, C-His, solution) is the recombinant human-derived Cyclophilin B/PPIB protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of Cyclophilin B/PPIB Protein, Human (HEK293, C-His, solution) is 179 a.a., with molecular weight of ~21.0 kDa.
CYPA protein, a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, has proinflammatory activity by stimulating activation of NF-kappa-B and ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases. It may act as a mediator between the human SARS coronavirus nucleoprotein and BSG/CD147 during the virus' invasion of host cells. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A/CYPA Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A/CYPA protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.
The PTGDS protein catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin that affects smooth muscle activity and platelet aggregation. It plays a role in central nervous system functions such as sedation, sleep, and allodynia. PTGDS Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived PTGDS protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of PTGDS Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 168 a.a., with molecular weight of 20-29 kDa.
TIM protein is a highly efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the rapid interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Its key role in glucose metabolism is complemented by an additional responsibility: the production of methylglyoxal, a reactive cytotoxic by-product. TIM Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived TIM protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of TIM Protein, Human (His) is 249 a.a., with molecular weight of ~30.0 kDa.
Protein Disulfide-Isomerase A4; Endoplasmic Reticulum Resident Protein 70; ER Protein 70; ERp70; Endoplasmic Reticulum Resident Protein 72; ER Protein 72; ERp-72; ERp72; PDIA4; ERP70; ERP72
Human
HEK293
The PDIA4 protein plays a key role in the chaperone complex, cooperating with various proteins. This dynamic assembly, including DNAJB11, HSP90B1 and others, orchestrates complex cellular processes. PDIA4 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived PDIA4 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of PDIA4 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 625 a.a., with molecular weight of ~75.0 kDa.
Protein Disulfide-Isomerase A6; Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein 5; ER Protein 5; ERp5; Protein Disulfide Isomerase P5; Thioredoxin Domain-Containing Protein 7; PDIA6; ERP5; P5; TXNDC7
Human
HEK293
PDIA6 protein has molecular chaperone activity, which can inhibit the aggregation of misfolded proteins and contribute to quality control. It negatively regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) by binding to ERN1 and inhibiting its signaling. PDIA6 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived PDIA6 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of PDIA6 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 421 a.a., with molecular weight of ~52.0 kDa.
The PTGDS protein serves a multifaceted role in various physiological processes. It catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin with implications in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Beyond its involvement in these vascular functions, PTGDS plays a crucial role in diverse central nervous system (CNS) activities, including sedation, NREM sleep, and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may exhibit an anti-apoptotic function in oligodendrocytes. Notably, PTGDS has a broad substrate-binding capacity, interacting with small non-substrate lipophilic molecules such as biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid, and thyroid hormone. This suggests its potential role as a scavenger for harmful hydrophobic molecules and as a transporter for secretory retinoids and thyroid hormones. Additionally, PTGDS is implicated in the development and maintenance of various blood barriers, including the blood-brain, blood-retina, blood-aqueous humor, and blood-testis barriers, indicating its significance in barrier function. Furthermore, it plays essential roles in the maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and the male reproductive system, as well as participates in PLA2G3-dependent maturation of mast cells, further emphasizing its intricate involvement in diverse biological processes. PTGDS Protein, Human (HEK293, C-His) is the recombinant human-derived PTGDS protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-10*His labeled tag. The total length of PTGDS Protein, Human (HEK293, C-His) is 168 a.a., with molecular weight of ~21 kDa.
Cyclophilin A (PPIA) protein, with integrin binding and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, influences platelet aggregation and neuron differentiation. It is found in the extracellular space and myelin sheath, showing ubiquitous expression in various tissues, including the liver and central nervous system. PPIA is associated with cholangiocarcinoma and HIV disease, suggesting its role in fundamental cellular processes. Cyclophilin A Protein, Mouse (His) is the recombinant mouse-derived Cyclophilin A protein, expressed by E. coli , with C-His labeled tag.
Cyclophilin A protein catalyzes the isomerization of proline imide peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Cyclophilin A Protein, Mouse (solution) is the recombinant mouse-derived Cyclophilin A protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free. The total length of Cyclophilin A Protein, Mouse is 164 a.a., with molecular weight of ~17.0 kDa.
Cyclophilin F/PPIF protein is a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) that catalyzes the isomerization of proline imide peptide bonds and may contribute to protein folding. It critically regulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), affecting cell apoptosis or necrosis. Cyclophilin F/PPIF Protein, Human (HEK293, His, solution) is the recombinant human-derived Cyclophilin F/PPIF protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-His labeled tag. The total length of Cyclophilin F/PPIF Protein, Human (HEK293, His, solution) is 178 a.a., with molecular weight of ~20.3 kDa.
ECH1 Protein plays a crucial role in isomerization, converting 3-trans,5-cis-dienoyl-CoA to its isomeric form, 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA. This enzymatic step is vital in metabolic pathways, ensuring the equilibrium of dienoyl-CoA species and contributing to overall metabolic flux. ECH1's activity is essential for maintaining structural rearrangement in Coenzyme A (CoA)-linked intermediates, emphasizing its significance in cellular processes. ECH1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived ECH1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of ECH1 Protein, Human (His) is 295 a.a., with molecular weight of 30-35 kDa.
rHuProtein disulfide isomerase CRELD2/CRELD2, His; Cysteine-Rich With EGF-Like Domain Protein 2; CRELD2
Human
HEK293
CRELD2 Protein, potentially acting as a protein disulfide isomerase, may play a role in the unfolded protein response. It is also implicated in regulating the transport of the alpha4-beta2 neuronal acetylcholine receptor, showcasing its versatility in cellular processes related to protein folding and neuronal receptor dynamics. These functions suggest CRELD2's involvement in maintaining cellular homeostasis. CRELD2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived CRELD2 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of CRELD2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 297 a.a., with molecular weight of ~41 kDa.
The maleylacetoacetate isomerase/GSTZ1 protein is a member of the GST superfamily and detoxifies electrophilic molecules. It converts maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, a key step in phenylalanine/tyrosine degradation. Maleylacetoacetate isomerase/GSTZ1 Protein, Human (N-His) is the recombinant human-derived Maleylacetoacetate isomerase/GSTZ1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of Maleylacetoacetate isomerase/GSTZ1 Protein, Human (N-His) is 215 a.a., with molecular weight of ~25 kDa.
rHuUDP-glucose 4-epimerase/GALE, His; UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase; Galactowaldenase; UDP-Galactose 4-Epimerase; GALE
Human
E. coli
GALE proteins catalyze the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose, and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/GALE Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/GALE protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag.
IDI2 protein plays a crucial role in catalyzing the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP), leading to the formation of its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). This enzymatic activity is a key step in the biosynthetic pathway, contributing to the generation of essential building blocks for various cellular processes. IDI2 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived IDI2 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of IDI2 Protein, Human (His) is 227 a.a., with molecular weight of 28-31 kDa.
IDI2 protein plays a crucial role in catalyzing the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP), leading to the formation of its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). This enzymatic activity is a key step in the biosynthetic pathway, contributing to the generation of essential building blocks for various cellular processes. IDI2 Protein, Human (C-His) is the recombinant human-derived IDI2 protein, expressed by E. coli , with C-8*His labeled tag. The total length of IDI2 Protein, Human (C-His) is 225 a.a., with molecular weight of ~27 kDa.
The PPIH protein is a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) that catalyzes the isomerization of prolyl imide peptide bonds and may contribute to protein folding. It plays a crucial role in pre-mRNA splicing and contributes to the formation of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex in spliceosome assembly. PPIH Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived PPIH protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag.
Protein disulfide-isomerase A5; Protein disulfide isomerase-related protein; PDIA5; PDIR
Human
HEK293
PDIA5 Protein catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bonds in proteins, ensuring proper folding and stabilization. Its vital role maintains protein structure and function, guaranteeing effective performance of designated biological tasks through correct disulfide bond formation. PDIA5 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived PDIA5 protein, expressed by HEK293, with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of PDIA5 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 241 a.a., with molecular weight of ~30 kDa.
PGM2 Protein is a protein of the alpha-d-phosphohexomutase family. PGM2 has phosphopentomutase activity, that is involved in carbohydrate metabolic process and deoxyribose phosphate catabolic process. The high expression of PGM2 can improve the overall survival rate of patients and have an inhibitory effect on tumors. PGM2 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived PGM2 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag.
