Growth/differentiation factor 2

Definition:

Potent circulating inhibitor of angiogenesis. Signals through the type I activin receptor ACVRL1 but not other Alks. Signaling through SMAD1 in endothelial cells requires TGF-beta coreceptor endoglin/ENG.

References:

[1]. Laurent David, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein-9 is a circulating vascular quiescence factor. Circ Res. 2008 Apr 25;102(8):914-22. [Content Brief]

[2]. Zhenquan Wei, et al. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) by redox-dependent proteolysis. J Biol Chem. 2014 Nov 7;289(45):31150-9. [Content Brief]

[3]. Marie Bidart, et al. BMP9 is produced by hepatocytes and circulates mainly in an active mature form complexed to its prodomain. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012 Jan;69(2):313-24. [Content Brief]

[4]. Pardeep Mahlawat, et al. Structure of the Alk1 extracellular domain and characterization of its bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding properties. Biochemistry. 2012 Aug 14;51(32):6328-41. [Content Brief]

[5]. Olivier Nolan-Stevaux, et al. Endoglin requirement for BMP9 signaling in endothelial cells reveals new mechanism of action for selective anti-endoglin antibodies. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e50920. [Content Brief]

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