Growth/differentiation factor 9

Definition:

Required for ovarian folliculogenesis. Promotes primordial follicle development. Stimulates granulosa cell proliferation. Promotes cell transition from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases, through an increase of CCND1 and CCNE1 expression, and RB1 phosphorylation. It regulates STAR expression and cAMP-dependent progesterone release in granulosa and thecal cells. Attenuates the suppressive effects of activin A on STAR expression and progesterone production by increasing the expression of inhibin B. It suppresses FST and FSTL3 production in granulosa-lutein cells.

References:

[1]. Feng-Tao Shi, et al. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) suppresses follistatin and follistatin-like 3 production in human granulosa-lutein cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e22866. [Content Brief]

[2]. Qing Huang, et al. Effects of growth differentiation factor 9 on cell cycle regulators and ERK42/44 in human granulosa cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;296(6):E1344-53. [Content Brief]

[3]. Noriko Yamamoto, et al. Growth differentiation factor-9 inhibits 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate-stimulated steroidogenesis in human granulosa and theca cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2849-56. [Content Brief]

[4]. Feng-Tao Shi, et al. Growth differentiation factor 9 reverses activin A suppression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct;95(10):E172-80. [Content Brief]

[5]. Alon Kedem, et al. Growth differentiating factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 both activate development of human primordial follicles in vitro, with seemingly more beneficial effects of GDF9. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug;96(8):E1246-54. [Content Brief]

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