Glycosaminoglycan-mediated loss of cathepsin K collagenolytic activity in MPS I contributes to osteoclast and growth plate abnormalities

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the build-up of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and severe skeletal abnormalities. As GAGs can regulate the collagenolytic activity of the major osteoclastic protease Cathepsin K, we investigated the presence and activity of Cathepsin K and its co-localization with GAGs in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I bone. The most dramatic difference between MPS I and wild-type mice was an increase in the amount of cartilage in the growth plates in MPS I bones. Though the number of Cathepsin K-expressing osteoclasts was increased in MPS I mice, these mice revealed a significant reduction in Cathepsin K-mediated cartilage degradation. As excess heparan and dermatan sulfates inhibit type II collagen degradation by Cathepsin K and the spatial overlap between Cathepsin K and heparan sulfate strongly increased in MPS I mice, the build up of subepiphyseal cartilage is speculated to be a direct consequence of Cathepsin K inhibition by MPS I-associated GAGs. Moreover, isolated MPS I and Ctsk(-/-) osteoclasts displayed fewer actin rings and formed fewer resorption pits on dentine disks, as compared with wild-type cells. These results suggest that the accumulation of GAGs in murine MPS I bone has an inhibitory effect on Cathepsin K activity, resulting in impaired osteoclast activity and decreased cartilage resorption, which may contribute to the bone pathology seen in MPS diseases.