2. Signaling Pathways
  3. GPCR/G Protein
  4. Arrestin

Arrestin

Arrestin is a key protein that regulates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Upon ligand activation, GPCRs undergo C-terminal phosphorylation by specific kinases (such as GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase), which recruits Arrestin, thereby preventing further coupling between GPCRs and G proteins while triggering receptor internalization and downstream signal transduction. Arrestin plays a crucial role in signal transduction, receptor desensitization and endocytosis, as well as multiprotein signaling complex assembly.
Arrestin is mainly classified into four types: Visual Arrestin (Arrestin-1), Cone Arrestin (Arrestin-4), β-Arrestin 1 (Arrestin-2), and β-Arrestin 2 (Arrestin-3). Among them, Arrestin-1 and Arrestin-4 are primarily involved in retinal phototransduction, whereas β-Arrestin 1 and β-Arrestin 2 are widely expressed in multiple tissues, regulating most GPCR-related signaling pathways. Structurally, Arrestin consists of N-terminal and C-terminal β-strand domains, stabilized by a polar core, and undergoes conformational changes upon receptor binding, thereby initiating signal transmission.
In the nervous system, Arrestin regulates dopamine receptor (e.g., D2 receptor) signaling, affecting Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia. In cancer, Arrestin integrates ERK, JNK, and Akt signaling pathways to regulate tumor cell growth and migration, for example, β-Arrestin 2-mediated GPCR signaling promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance. Additionally, Arrestin is involved in inflammatory responses and immune regulation, playing important roles in diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory diseases[1][2].

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P2197
    ELA-11(human)
    		Inhibitor 99.03%
    ELA-11(human), a peptide, is a full agonist of human apelin receptor, with a pKi of 7.85. ELA-11(human) completely inhibits Forskolin-induced cAMP production and stimulates β-arrestin recruitment.
    ELA-11(human)
  • HY-122246
    ML192
    		Inhibitor
    ML192 is a selective ligand antagonist of GPR55. ML192 inhibits the β-arrestin trafficking, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and PKCβII translocation.
    ML192
  • HY-15705
    GPR35 agonist 2
    		Inhibitor 98.84%
    GPR35 agonist 2 (compound 11) is a potent agonist of GPR35, with EC50s of 26 and 3.2 nM in the β-arrestin and Ca2+ release assay, respectively.
    GPR35 agonist 2
  • HY-115688A
    (S)-TXNIP-IN-1
    		Control 99.73%
    (S)-TXNIP-IN-1 is the less active S-enantiomer of TXNIP-IN-1 (HY-115688). TXNIP-IN-1 is a TXNIP-TRX complex inhibitor which can be used in the research of TXNIP-TRX complex associated metabolic disorder (diabetes), cardiovascular disease, or inflammatory disease
    (S)-TXNIP-IN-1
  • HY-117829
    UNC9994
    		Agonist 98.06%
    UNC9994, an analog of Aripiprazole, is a functionally selective β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist with EC50 <10 nM for β-arrestin-2 recruitment to D2 receptors. UNC9994 is simultaneously partial agonists of β-arrestin-2 translocation and antagonists of Gi-regulated cAMP production. Antipsychotic Activity.
    UNC9994
  • HY-108656
    MRS2365
    		Agonist
    MRS2365 is a potent and selective P2Y1 receptor (EC50=0.4 nM) /[35S]GTPγS binding/β-arrestin 2 recruitment agonist with an EC50 of 0.4 nM. MRS2365 relieves mechanical allodynia and increases mechanical sensitivity. MRS2365 shows little agonist or antagonist activity at the P2Y12 or P2Y13 receptors.
    MRS2365
  • HY-108656A
    MRS2365 trisodium
    		Agonist ≥99.0%
    MRS2365 trisodium is a potent and selective P2Y1 receptor (EC50=0.4 nM)/[35S]GTPγS binding/β-arrestin 2 recruitment agonist. MRS2365 trisodium relieves mechanical allodynia and increases mechanical sensitivity.
    MRS2365 trisodium
  • HY-P1682
    Balixafortide
    		Inhibitor
    Balixafortide (POL6326) is a potent, selective, well-tolerated peptidic CXCR4 antagonist with an IC50 < 10 nM. Balixafortide shows 1000-fold selective for CXCR4 than a large panel of receptors including CXCR7. Balixafortide blocks β-arrestin recruitment and calcium flux with IC50s < 10 nM. Balixafortide is also a potent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilizing agent. Anti-cancer effects.
    Balixafortide
  • HY-147751
    APJ receptor agonist 6
    		Inhibitor
    APJ receptor agonist 6 (compound 9) is a potent APJ (apelin receptor) agonist, with Ki of 1.3 μM. APJ receptor agonist 6 has EC50 values of 0.070 , 0.097, and 0.063 μM for calcium, cAMP, and β-arrestin, respectively.
    APJ receptor agonist 6
  • HY-125020
    NCGC00135472
    		Activator
    NCGC00135472 is a potent agonist of resolvin D1 receptor (DRV1), with the EC50 of 0.37 nM and 0.05 μM for β-arrestin and cAMP activities, respectively.
    NCGC00135472
  • HY-150056
    CB1R Allosteric modulator 3
    		Inhibitor 98.05%
    CB1R Allosteric modulator 3 is a CB1R positive allosteric modulator. CB1R Allosteric modulator 3 has potent inhibition of cAMP and β-Arrestin with EC50 values of 0.018 μM and 1.241 μM, respectively.
    CB1R Allosteric modulator 3
  • HY-155099
    FGH31
    		Agonist
    FGH31 (Compound 24) is a potent, selective, GRK2 dependency dopamine D4 agonist, with the Ki of 1.6 nM. FGH31 partial activates β- arrestin.
    FGH31
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity