DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 1

Definition:

Acts both as a substrate recognition component of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes and as an atypical serine/threonine-protein kinase, playing key roles in various processes such as cell cycle, telomerase regulation and histone modification. Probable substrate-specific adapter of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, named CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex, which mediates ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of proteins such as NF2. Involved in the turnover of methylated proteins: recognizes and binds methylated proteins via its chromo domain, leading to ubiquitination of target proteins by the RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex. The CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex is also involved in B-cell development: DCAF1 is recruited by RAG1 to ubiquitinate proteins, leading to limit error-prone repair during V(D)J recombination. Also part of the EDVP complex, an E3 ligase complex that mediates ubiquitination of proteins such as TERT, leading to TERT degradation and telomerase inhibition. Also acts as an atypical serine/threonine-protein kinase that specifically mediates phosphorylation of 'Thr-120' of histone H2A (H2AT120ph) in a nucleosomal context, thereby repressing transcription. H2AT120ph is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes, down-regulates their transcription and is present at high level in a number of tumors. Involved in JNK-mediated apoptosis during cell competition process via its interaction with LLGL1 and LLGL2.; (Microbial infection) In case of infection by HIV-1 virus, it is recruited by HIV-1 Vpr in order to hijack the CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP function leading to arrest the cell cycle in G2 phase, and also to protect the viral protein from proteasomal degradation by another E3 ubiquitin ligase. The HIV-1 Vpr protein hijacks the CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex to promote ubiquitination and degradation of proteins such as TERT and ZIP/ZGPAT.; (Microbial infection) In case of infection by HIV-2 virus, it is recruited by HIV-2 Vpx in order to hijack the CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP function leading to enhanced efficiency of macrophage infection and promotion of the replication of cognate primate lentiviruses in cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage.

References:

[1]. Yoichiro Tamori, et al. Involvement of Lgl and Mahjong/VprBP in cell competition. PLoS Biol. 2010 Jul 13;8(7):e1000422. [Content Brief]

[2]. J Huang, et al. VprBP targets Merlin to the Roc1-Cul4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex for degradation. Oncogene. 2008 Jul 3;27(29):4056-64. [Content Brief]

[3]. Jean-Philippe Belzile, et al. HIV-1 Vpr-mediated G2 arrest involves the DDB1-CUL4AVPRBP E3 ubiquitin ligase. PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jul;3(7):e85. [Content Brief]

[4]. Stephane Angers, et al. Molecular architecture and assembly of the DDB1-CUL4A ubiquitin ligase machinery. Nature. 2006 Oct 5;443(7111):590-3. [Content Brief]

[5]. Subbareddy Maddika, et al. Protein kinase DYRK2 is a scaffold that facilitates assembly of an E3 ligase. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Apr;11(4):409-19. [Content Brief]

[6]. David Schwefel, et al. Structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway. Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):234-8. [Content Brief]

[7]. Jason L DeHart, et al. HIV-1 Vpr activates the G2 checkpoint through manipulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Virol J. 2007 Jun 8;4:57. [Content Brief]

[8]. Lindi Tan, et al. DDB1 and Cul4A are required for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr-induced G2 arrest. J Virol. 2007 Oct;81(19):10822-30. [Content Brief]

[9]. Hae-Yun Jung, et al. Dyrk2-associated EDD-DDB1-VprBP E3 ligase inhibits telomerase by TERT degradation. J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 8;288(10):7252-62. [Content Brief]

[10]. Kyunghwan Kim, et al. VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription. Mol Cell. 2013 Nov 7;52(3):459-67. [Content Brief]

[11]. Thomas Gramberg, et al. Evidence for an activation domain at the amino terminus of simian immunodeficiency virus Vpx. J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(3):1387-96. [Content Brief]

[12]. Kyunghwan Kim, et al. Vpr-binding protein antagonizes p53-mediated transcription via direct interaction with H3 tail. Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Feb;32(4):783-96. [Content Brief]

[13]. Ji Min Lee, et al. EZH2 generates a methyl degron that is recognized by the DCAF1/DDB1/CUL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Mol Cell. 2012 Nov 30;48(4):572-86. [Content Brief]

[14]. Kasia Hrecka, et al. Lentiviral Vpr usurps Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 ubiquitin ligase to modulate cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 10;104(28):11778-83. [Content Brief]

[15]. Erwann Le Rouzic, et al. HIV1 Vpr arrests the cell cycle by recruiting DCAF1/VprBP, a receptor of the Cul4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase. Cell Cycle. 2007 Jan 15;6(2):182-8. [Content Brief]

[16]. Erwann Le Rouzic, et al. Assembly with the Cul4A-DDB1DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase protects HIV-1 Vpr from proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 1;283(31):21686-92. [Content Brief]

[17]. Claire Maudet, et al. HIV-1 Vpr induces the degradation of ZIP and sZIP, adaptors of the NuRD chromatin remodeling complex, by hijacking DCAF1/VprBP. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 8;8(10):e77320. [Content Brief]

[18]. Smita Srivastava, et al. Lentiviral Vpx accessory factor targets VprBP/DCAF1 substrate adaptor for cullin 4 E3 ubiquitin ligase to enable macrophage infection. PLoS Pathog. 2008 May 9;4(5):e1000059. [Content Brief]

[19]. Anna Bergamaschi, et al. The human immunodeficiency virus type 2 Vpx protein usurps the CUL4A-DDB1 DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase to overcome a postentry block in macrophage infection. J Virol. 2009 May;83(10):4854-60. [Content Brief]

[20]. Xiaoyun Wen, et al. The HIV1 protein Vpr acts to promote G2 cell cycle arrest by engaging a DDB1 and Cullin4A-containing ubiquitin ligase complex using VprBP/DCAF1 as an adaptor. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 14;282(37):27046-27057. [Content Brief]

[21]. Chad M McCall, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr-binding protein VprBP, a WD40 protein associated with the DDB1-CUL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase, is essential for DNA replication and embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Sep;28(18):5621-33. [Content Brief]

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