Transcriptional repressor CTCF

Definition:

Chromatin binding factor that binds to DNA sequence specific sites. Involved in transcriptional regulation by binding to chromatin insulators and preventing interaction between promoter and nearby enhancers and silencers. Acts as transcriptional repressor binding to promoters of vertebrate MYC gene and BAG1 gene. Also binds to the PLK and PIM1 promoters. Acts as a transcriptional activator of APP. Regulates APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster and controls MHC class II gene expression. Plays an essential role in oocyte and preimplantation embryo development by activating or repressing transcription. Seems to act as tumor suppressor. Plays a critical role in the epigenetic regulation. Participates in the allele-specific gene expression at the imprinted IGF2/H19 gene locus. On the maternal allele, binding within the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to IGF2. Plays a critical role in gene silencing over considerable distances in the genome. Preferentially interacts with unmethylated DNA, preventing spreading of CpG methylation and maintaining methylation-free zones. Inversely, binding to target sites is prevented by CpG methylation. Plays an important role in chromatin remodeling. Can dimerize when it is bound to different DNA sequences, mediating long-range chromatin looping. Mediates interchromosomal association between IGF2/H19 and WSB1/NF1 and may direct distant DNA segments to a common transcription factory. Causes local loss of histone acetylation and gain of histone methylation in the beta-globin locus, without affecting transcription. When bound to chromatin, it provides an anchor point for nucleosomes positioning. Seems to be essential for homologous X-chromosome pairing. May participate with Tsix in establishing a regulatable epigenetic switch for X chromosome inactivation. May play a role in preventing the propagation of stable methylation at the escape genes from X- inactivation. Involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Associates with both centromeres and chromosomal arms during metaphase and required for cohesin localization to CTCF sites. Regulates asynchronous replication of IGF2/H19. Plays a role in the recruitment of CENPE to the pericentromeric/centromeric regions of the chromosome during mitosis.

References:

[1]. Mario Renda, et al. Critical DNA binding interactions of the insulator protein CTCF: a small number of zinc fingers mediate strong binding, and a single finger-DNA interaction controls binding at imprinted loci. J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 16;282(46):33336-33345. [Content Brief]

[2]. G N Filippova, et al. A widely expressed transcription factor with multiple DNA sequence specificity, CTCF, is localized at chromosome segment 16q22.1 within one of the smallest regions of overlap for common deletions in breast and prostate cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1998 May;22(1):26-36. [Content Brief]

[3]. Eric D Rubio, et al. CTCF physically links cohesin to chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8309-14. [Content Brief]

[4]. Wendy Chao, et al. CTCF, a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice. Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):345-7. [Content Brief]

[5]. Tsuyoshi Mishiro, et al. Architectural roles of multiple chromatin insulators at the human apolipoprotein gene cluster. EMBO J. 2009 May 6;28(9):1234-45. [Content Brief]

[6]. Yutao Fu, et al. The insulator binding protein CTCF positions 20 nucleosomes around its binding sites across the human genome. PLoS Genet. 2008 Jul 25;4(7):e1000138. [Content Brief]

[7]. Tiaojiang Xiao, et al. CTCF Recruits Centromeric Protein CENP-E to the Pericentromeric/Centromeric Regions of Chromosomes through Unusual CTCF-Binding Sites. Cell Rep. 2015 Sep 8;12(10):1704-14. [Content Brief]

[8]. Lunching Sun, et al. DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3B activate BAG-1 expression via recruitment of CTCFL/BORIS and modulation of promoter histone methylation. Cancer Res. 2008 Apr 15;68(8):2726-35. [Content Brief]

[9]. Parimal Majumder, et al. The insulator factor CTCF controls MHC class II gene expression and is required for the formation of long-distance chromatin interactions. J Exp Med. 2008 Apr 14;205(4):785-98. [Content Brief]

[10]. Sreenivasulu Kurukuti, et al. CTCF binding at the H19 imprinting control region mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to Igf2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 11;103(28):10684-9. [Content Brief]

[11]. G N Filippova, et al. An exceptionally conserved transcriptional repressor, CTCF, employs different combinations of zinc fingers to bind diverged promoter sequences of avian and mammalian c-myc oncogenes. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jun;16(6):2802-13. [Content Brief]

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