Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4  (Synonyms: Biotin-LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4))

Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4 (Biotin-LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4)) is a biotin-conjugated Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HY-D1056A1) that can be coupled with streptavidin protein. Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4 can be used to identify Lipopolysaccharide ligands. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O111:B4) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, R3-type core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 activate TLR-4 in immune cells and can cause significant gastric diseases. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 can also induce M1-type polarization in mouse macrophages^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.

Note:
To maintain the integrity of LPS, it is recommended to store LPS solution in silanized containers. This is because LPS can adhere to plastics and certain types of glass, particularly at concentrations below 0.1 mg/mL. If the LPS concentration exceeds 1 mg/mL, this adsorption effect is relatively minimal. If using glass containers, ensure that the solution is thoroughly mixed for at least 30 minutes before use to redissolve any LPS that may have adsorbed to the tube walls.

LPS is the major toxic component of Gram-negative bacteria, capable of activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) of the immune system and inducing cellular secretion of migrasomes. LPS can be recognized by TLR4, activating the innate immune system, followed by promoting NF-κB activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, commonly used in experiments for the stimulation, activation, and differentiation of immune cells.
Different types of bacteria express LPS with varying structures and biological activities. LPS generally comes in two configurations: R (rough) type and S (smooth) type. S-type LPS contains a typical three-part structure: O-antigen (O-antigen) (serum-specific polysaccharides composed of repeating oligosaccharide units), core oligosaccharide (core) (C9-type non-repeating oligosaccharides), and lipid A (Lipid A) (the toxic component of LPS). The R type does not contain an O-antigen and expresses rough-type LPS. The lack of O-antigen can affect how immune cells recognize LPS.
E. coli expresses four LPS serotypes: O111:B4, O55:B5, O127:B8, O128:B12. The LPS expressed by the E. coli O111:B4 strain is known to cause significant gastrointestinal diseases and is the most cited LPS strain in literature. LPS derived from E. coli O111:B4 can induce polarization of human macrophages (M1)^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

[Lipopolysaccharide(Biotinylated), from E.coli O111:B4]

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Kabanov DS, et al. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010 Apr;75(4):383-404.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Ying Liu, et al. Podocyte-Released Migrasomes in Urine Serve as an Indicator for Early Podocyte Injury. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020 Nov;6(6):422-433.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Heinrichs DE, et al. Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Oct;30(2):221-32.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Cai KC, et al. Age and sex differences in immune response following LPS treatment in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Nov;58:327-337.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Vogel DY, et al. Human macrophage polarization in vitro: maturation and activation methods compared. Immunobiology. 2014 Sep;219(9):695-703  [Content Brief]