Structure-activity relationships of diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)As), adenosine polyphospho guanosines (Ap(n)Gs) and guanosine polyphospho guanosines (Gp(n)Gs) at P2 receptors in the rat mesenteric arterial bed

1. Vascular effects of diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)As), adenosine polyphospho guanosines (Ap(n)Gs) and guanosine polyphospho guanosines (Gp(n)Gs), novel families of naturally-occurring signalling molecules, were investigated in methoxamine preconstricted rat isolated perfused mesenteric arterial beds. 2. Three different types of response were elicited by Ap(n)As and Ap(n)Gs. Those with a short polyphosphate chain (n=2 - 3) elicited vasorelaxation. Ap(3)A was more potent than Ap(2)A, and both were more potent than the corresponding Ap(n)G. Relaxations to Ap(3)A and Ap(3)G, but not to Ap(2)A and Ap(2)G, were blocked by endothelium removal and pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS), a P2 receptor antagonist. 3. Longer polyphosphate chain Ap(n)As and Ap(n)Gs (n=4 - 6) elicited dose-dependent vasoconstriction followed by prolonged vasorelaxation, with a potency order for both types of response of Ap(5)A> or =Ap(6)A>Ap(4)A. A similar order and potency was observed for Ap(n)Gs. Contractions and prolonged relaxations were blocked by PPADS and P2X(1) receptor desensitization with alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP), and were largely endothelium-independent. 4. In the presence of alpha,beta-meATP rapid relaxations to contractile Ap(n)As and Ap(n)Gs (n=4 - 6) were revealed. 5. Gp(n)Gs were virtually inactive, except for Gp(2)G which elicited vasoconstriction via PPADS- and alpha,beta-meATP-sensitive smooth muscle P2X(1)-like receptors. 6. These data show that, as with Ap(n)As, the length of the polyphosphate chain (n) is an important determinant of the activity of Ap(n)Gs at P2 receptors in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. When the chain is short (n=2 - 3) the purines elicit rapid vasorelaxation, which for Ap(3)A and Ap(3)G is mediated via endothelial P2Y(1)-like receptors. When the chain is long (n=4 - 6) Ap(n)As and Ap(n)Gs elicit vasoconstriction via P2X(1)-like receptors, followed by prolonged endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Rapid relaxation to contractile dinucleotides (n=4 - 6) is revealed by block of vasoconstriction. Regarding the purine moiety, one adenine is crucial and sufficient for vasoactivity as Gp(n)Gs were largely inactive, and Ap(n)As and Ap(n)Gs approximately equipotent.