Regulation of cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I

The selective inhibitor of the multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK), KN-93, arrests a variety of cell types in G(1). However, the biochemical nature of this G(1) arrest point and the physiological target of KN-93 in G(1) remain controversial. Here we show that in WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts KN-93 reversibly arrested cells in late G(1) prior to detectable cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) activation. At the KN-93 arrest point, we found that cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes had assembled with p21/p27, accumulated in the nucleus, and become phosphorylated on Thr-172, yet were relatively inactive. Additional examination of CDK4 complexes by gel filtration analysis demonstrated that, in late G(1), cyclin D1-containing complexes migrated toward lower molecular weight (M(r)) fractions and this altered migration was accompanied by the appearance of two peaks of CDK4 activity, at 150-200 and 70 kDa, respectively. KN-93 prevented both the activation of CDK4, and this shift in cyclin D1 migration and overexpression of cyclin D1/CDK4 overcame the KN-93 arrest. To determine which multifunctional CaMK acts in G(1), we expressed kinase-deficient forms of CaMKI and CaMKII. Overexpression of kinase-deficient CaMKI, but not CaMKII, prevented CDK4 activation, mimicking the KN-93 arrest point. Therefore, we hypothesize that KN-93 prevents a very late, uncharacterized step in cyclin D/CDK4 activation that involves CaMKI and follows complex assembly, nuclear entry, and phosphorylation.