Determination of the genome sequence of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and genomic comparison with strain W83 revealed extensive genome rearrangements in P. gingivalis

The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major causative agent of chronic periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis strains have been classified into virulent and less-virulent strains by mouse subcutaneous soft tissue abscess model analysis. Here, we present the whole genome sequence of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, which is classified as a less-virulent strain. We identified 2090 protein-coding sequences (CDSs), 4 RNA operons, and 53 tRNA genes in the ATCC 33277 genome. By genomic comparison with the virulent strain W83, we identified 461 ATCC 33277-specific and 415 W83-specific CDSs. Extensive genomic rearrangements were observed between the two strains: 175 regions in which genomic rearrangements have occurred were identified. Thirty-five of those genomic rearrangements were inversion or translocation and 140 were simple insertion, deletion, or replacement. Both strains contained large numbers of mobile elements, such as insertion sequences, miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), and conjugative transposons, which are frequently associated with genomic rearrangements. These findings indicate that the mobile genetic elements have been deeply involved in the extensive genome rearrangement of P. gingivalis and the occurrence of many of the strain-specific CDSs. We also describe here a very unique feature of MITE400, which we renamed MITEPgRS (Mite of P. gingivalis with Repeating Sequences).