Identification of acyl-CoA synthetases involved in the mammalian sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolic pathway

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays important roles both as a bioactive lipid molecule and an intermediate of the sphingolipid-to-glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. To identify human acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) involved in S1P metabolism, we cloned all 26 human ACS genes and examined their abilities to restore deficient sphingolipid-to-glycerophospholipid metabolism in a yeast mutant lacking two ACS genes, FAA1 and FAA4. Here, in addition to the previously identified ACSL family members (ACSL1, 3, 4, 5, and 6), we found that ACSVL1, ACSVL4, and ACSBG1 also restored metabolism. All 8 ACSs were localized either exclusively or partly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where S1P metabolism takes place. We previously proposed the entire S1P metabolic pathway from results obtained using yeast cells, i.e., S1P is metabolized to glycerophospholipids via trans-2-hexadecenal, trans-2-hexadecenoic acid, trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA. However, as S1P is not a naturally occurring long-chain base 1-phosphate in yeast, the validity of this pathway required further verification using mammalian cells. In the present study, we treated HeLa cells with the ACS inhibitor triacsin C and found that inhibition of ACSs resulted in accumulation of trans-2-hexadecenoic acid as in ACS mutant yeast. From these results, we conclude that S1P is metabolized by a common pathway in eukaryotes.

ACS; ACS bubblegum; ACS long-chain; ACS medium-chain; ACS short-chain; ACS very long-chain; ACSBG; ACSL; ACSM; ACSS; ACSVL; Acyl-CoA synthetase; DHS; DHS1P; ER; FA; GAPDH; Glycerophospholipid; IPC; LCB; LCB 1-phosphate; LCBP; LCFA; Lipid; M(IP)(2)C; MIPC; PC; PE; PI; PS; S1P; SC; SPH; Sphingolipid; Sphingosine 1-phosphate; VLCFA; acyl-CoA synthetase; dihydrosphingosine; dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate; endoplasmic reticulum; fatty acid; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; inositol phosphorylceramide; long-chain base; long-chain fatty acid; mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide; mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylserine; sphingosine; sphingosine 1-phosphate; synthetic complete; very long-chain fatty acid.