IL-36 promotes myeloid cell infiltration, activation, and inflammatory activity in skin

The IL-1 family members IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) and the receptor antagonist IL-36RA (IL-1F5) constitute a novel signaling system that is poorly understood. We now show that these cytokines have profound effects on the skin immune system. Treatment of human keratinocytes with IL-36 cytokines significantly increased the expression of CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL20, potent chemotactic agents for activated leukocytes, and IL-36α injected intradermally resulted in chemokine expression, leukocyte infiltration, and acanthosis of mouse skin. Blood monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), and monocyte-derived DC (MO-DC) expressed IL-36R and responded to IL-36. In contrast, no direct effects of IL-36 on resting or activated human CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, or blood neutrophils, could be demonstrated. Monocytes expressed IL-1A, IL-1B, and IL-6 mRNA and IL-1β and IL-6 protein, and mDC upregulated surface expression of CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 after treatment with IL-36. Furthermore, IL-36α-treated MO-DC enhanced allogeneic CD4(+) T cell proliferation, demonstrating that IL-36 can stimulate the maturation and function of DC and drive T cell proliferation. These data indicate that IL-36 cytokines actively propagate skin inflammation via the activation of keratinocytes, APC, and, indirectly, T cells.