Molecular and Functional Characterization of Rare CACNA1C Variants in Sudden Unexplained Death in the Young

Introduction: Perturbations in the CACNA1C-encoded L-type calcium channel α-subunit have been linked recently to heritable arrhythmia syndromes, including Timothy syndrome, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, and long QT syndrome. These heritable arrhythmia syndromes may serve as a pathogenic basis for autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death in the young (SUDY). However, the contribution of CACNA1C mutations to SUDY is unknown.

Objective: We set out to determine the spectrum, prevalence, and pathophysiology of rare CACNA1C variants in SUDY.

Methods: Mutational analysis of CACNA1C was conducted in 82 SUDY cases using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and direct Sequencing. Identified variants were engineered using site-directed mutagenesis, and heterologously expressed in TSA-201 or HEK293 cells.

Results: Two SUDY cases (2.4%) harbored functional variants in CACNA1C. The E850del and N2091S variants involve highly conserved residues and localize to the II-III linker and C-terminus, respectively. Although observed in publically available exome databases, both variants confer abnormal CA_V 1.2 electrophysiological characteristics. Examination of the electrophysiological properties revealed the E850del mutation in CACNA1C led to a 95% loss-of-function in I_CA , and the N2091S variant led to a 105% gain-of-function in I_CA. Additionally, N2091S led to minor kinetic alterations including a -3.4 mV shift in V_1/2 of activation.

Conclusion: This study provides molecular and functional evidence that rare CACNA1C genetic variants may contribute to the underlying pathogenic basis for some cases of SUDY in either a gain or loss-of-function mechanism.

Arrhythmia; CACNA1C; Genetics; Ion Channels; Pediatrics; Sudden Death.