2. Academic Validation
  3. Oxo-Functionalized Graphene as a Cell Membrane Carrier of Nucleic Acid Probes Controlled by Aging

Oxo-Functionalized Graphene as a Cell Membrane Carrier of Nucleic Acid Probes Controlled by Aging

  • Chemistry. 2016 Oct 17;22(43):15389-15395. doi: 10.1002/chem.201603063.
H Pieper 1,  C E Halbig 2,  L Kovbasyuk 1,  M R Filipovic 3 4,  S Eigler 5 6,  A Mokhir 7
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
  • 2 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany.
  • 3 Universite de Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077, Bordeaux, France.
  • 4 CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077, Bordeaux, France.
  • 5 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany. eigler@chalmers.se.
  • 6 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41258, Göteborg, Sweden. eigler@chalmers.se.
  • 7 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. andriy.mokhir@fau.de.
PMID: 27619408 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603063
Abstract

We applied a fluorescein-containing oligonucleotide (ON) to probe surface properties of oxidized graphene (oxo-G) and observed that graphene-like patches are formed upon aging of oxo-G, indicated by enhanced probe binding and by FTIR spectroscopic analysis. By using a recently developed fluorogenic endoperoxide (EP) probe, we confirmed that during the aging process the amount of EPs on the oxo-G surface is reduced. Furthermore, aging was found to strongly affect cell membrane carrier properties of this material. In particular, freshly prepared oxo-G does not act as a carrier, whereas oxo-G aged for 28 days at 4 °C is an excellent carrier. Based on these data we prepared an optimized oxo-G, which has a low-defect density, binds ONs, is not toxic, and acts as cell membrane carrier. We successfully applied this material to design fluorogenic probes of representative intracellular nucleic acids 28S rRNA and β-actin-mRNA. The results will help to standardize oxidized graphene derivatives for biomedical and bioanalytical applications.

Keywords

aging; graphene oxide; oligonucleotides; oxo-functionalized graphene; spectroscopy.

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