Oncolytic activity of canine distemper virus in canine mammary tubular adenocarcinoma cells

Canine distemper virus (CDV), bearing a close resemblance to measles virus, represents a promising candidate for oncolytic therapy; however, its application and underlying oncolytic mechanisms in canine mammary carcinoma cells remain to be explored. Here, we found that an attenuated canine distemper vaccine strain, CDV-L, efficiently infected and inhibited the growth of canine mammary tubular adenocarcinoma CIPp cells but not MDCK cells in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis of CDV-L-infected CIPp cells revealed substantially differentially expressed genes in apoptotic and NF-κB signalling pathways. Subsequent validations confirmed that CDV-L-induced Apoptosis of CIPp cells through the Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 pathway. Identification of phosphorylated-IκBα, phosphorylated-p65 and the nuclear translocation of p65 confirmed the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway abrogated CDV-L-induced cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP. In a CIPp subcutaneous xenograft mouse model, intratumoural injections of CDV-L significantly restricted tumour growth without apparent pathology, and virus remained localized within the tumour. Taken altogether, these findings indicate that CDV-L exerts an antitumour effect in CIPp cells, and that Apoptosis and the NF-κB pathway play essential roles in this process.