The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL

Nature. 2019 Oct;574(7777):264-267. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2.

Berk Aykut ^# ¹, Smruti Pushalkar ^# ², Ruonan Chen ¹, Qianhao Li ², Raquel Abengozar ¹, Jacqueline I Kim ¹, Sorin A Shadaloey ¹, Dongling Wu ¹, Pamela Preiss ¹, Narendra Verma ³, Yuqi Guo ², Anjana Saxena ⁴ ⁵, Mridula Vardhan ², Brian Diskin ¹, Wei Wang ¹, Joshua Leinwand ¹, Emma Kurz ¹, Juan A Kochen Rossi ¹, Mautin Hundeyin ¹, Constantinos Zambrinis ¹, Xin Li ², Deepak Saxena ⁶ ⁷, George Miller ⁸ ⁹

Affiliations

1 S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
2 Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
3 Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
4 Biology Department, Brooklyn College, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
5 Biology and Biochemistry Programs, Graduate Center CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
6 S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. ds100@nyu.edu.
7 Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA. ds100@nyu.edu.
8 S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. george.miller@nyumc.org.
9 Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. george.miller@nyumc.org.
# Contributed equally.

PMID: 31578522 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2

Abstract

Bacterial dysbiosis accompanies carcinogenesis in malignancies such as colon and liver Cancer, and has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)¹. However, the mycobiome has not been clearly implicated in tumorigenesis. Here we show that fungi migrate from the gut lumen to the pancreas, and that this is implicated in the pathogenesis of PDA. PDA tumours in humans and mouse models of this Cancer displayed an increase in fungi of about 3,000-fold compared to normal pancreatic tissue. The composition of the mycobiome of PDA tumours was distinct from that of the gut or normal pancreas on the basis of alpha- and beta-diversity indices. Specifically, the Fungal community that infiltrated PDA tumours was markedly enriched for Malassezia spp. in both mice and humans. Ablation of the mycobiome was protective against tumour growth in slowly progressive and invasive models of PDA, and repopulation with a Malassezia species-but not species in the genera Candida, Saccharomyces or Aspergillus-accelerated oncogenesis. We also discovered that ligation of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which binds to glycans of the Fungal wall to activate the complement cascade, was required for oncogenic progression, whereas deletion of MBL or C3 in the extratumoral compartment-or knockdown of C3aR in tumour cells-were both protective against tumour growth. In addition, reprogramming of the mycobiome did not alter the progression of PDA in Mbl- (also known as Mbl2) or C3-deficient mice. Collectively, our work shows that pathogenic fungi promote PDA by driving the complement cascade through the activation of MBL.

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