Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a critical regulator of inflammatory signalling through toll-like receptors 4 and 7/8 in murine and human lungs

Background and purpose: Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and TLR7/TLR8 play an important role in mediating the inflammatory effects of Bacterial and viral pathogens. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is an important regulator of signalling by Toll-like Receptor (TLR) and hence is a potential therapeutic target in diseases characterized by increased lung inflammatory signalling.

Experimental approach: We used an established murine model of acute lung inflammation, and studied human lung tissue ex vivo, to investigate the effects of inhibiting IRAK4 on lung inflammatory pathways.

Key results: We show that TLR4 stimulation produces an inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil influx and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in murine lungs and that these responses are markedly reduced in IRAK4 kinase-dead mice. In addition, we characterize a novel selective IRAK4 Inhibitor, BI1543673, and show that this compound can reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation in wild-type mice. Additionally, BI1543673 reduced inflammatory responses to both TLR4 and TLR7/8 stimulation in human lung tissue studied ex vivo.

Conclusion and implications: These data demonstrate a key role for IRAK4 signalling in lung inflammation and suggest that IRAK4 inhibition has potential utility to treat lung diseases characterized by inflammatory responses driven through TLR4 and TLR7/8.

IRAK4; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; exacerbations; interstitial lung disease; lung inflammation; toll‐ like receptors.