Estrogen, via ESR2 receptor, prevents oxidative stress-induced Müller cell death and stimulates FGF2 production independently of NRF2, attenuating retinal degeneration

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the deficient antioxidative gene, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), on 17β-estradiol (E₂)-mediated oxidative stress response, with a specific focus on growth factor production and cell death in Müller cells and retinal tissue. Administration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) reduced the viability of Müller cells derived from Nrf2 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. However, this effect was more significant in the KO cells than in the WT cells. Pretreatment with E₂ inhibited H₂O₂-induced cell death in both Nrf2 WT and KO Müller cell genotypes. Small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of Estrogen Receptor 2 (Esr2) attenuated the cell survival-promoting activity of E₂ in Nrf2 KO Müller cells, while other identified estrogen receptors, Esr1 or G protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (Gper1), had no effect. Western blotting revealed higher ESR2 expression levels in Nrf2 KO cells than in WT Müller cells. Conditioned media from E₂-and H₂O₂-treated Nrf2 WT or KO Müller cells enhanced the dissociated retinal cell viability compared with H₂O₂-treated cells. Both quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay exhibited a significant increase in Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) expression levels in E₂-and H₂O₂-treated Nrf2 WT and KO Müller cells compared to those in E₂-treated cells. In vivo, administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) reduced the thickness and cell density of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in Nrf2 KO mice and enhanced the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells in the ONL. However, E₂ administration attenuated these defects in MNU-treated mice. Concomitant administration of MNU and E₂ enhanced FGF2 protein levels in retinal lysates of Nrf2 KO mice. In conclusion, E₂ demonstrated a significant role in preventing oxidative stress-induced retinal cell death by stimulating FGF2 production in Müller cells, independent of the Nrf2 gene. Based on these findings, we anticipate that exogenous administration of estrogens or ESR2-selective agonists could aid in treating patients with oxidative stress-related retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.

Estrogen; FGF2; Müller glia; Oxidative stress; Photoreceptors.