Cancer has long been a central focus of biomedical research and clinical practice worldwide. It arises from genetic mutations and genomic alterations that allow cells to evade apoptosis and bypass growth-inhibitory signals, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and potential metastasis. A defining characteristic of cancer is the unchecked growth of malignant cells, often accompanied by the ability to evade host immune surveillance.

Cancer treatment strategies vary based on the type, stage, and specific therapeutic targets. Traditionally, surgery, chemotherapy (CT), and radiotherapy (RT) have been the primary treatment modalities. However, these conventional approaches often come with significant side effects and a high risk of therapeutic resistance.

While advancements in cancer therapies have significantly improved patient survival, recurrence and metastasis remain major challenges, driving ongoing efforts in both basic and translational research. Based on their mechanisms of action, cancer treatments can be categorized into the following types.