2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. TNF Receptor

TNF Receptor

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; TNFR

TNF Receptor

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major mediator of apoptosis as well as inflammation and immunity, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of human diseases, including sepsis, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

TNF-α is a 17-kDa protein consisting of 157 amino acids that is a homotrimer in solution. In humans, the gene is mapped to chromosome 6. Its bioactivity is mainly regulated by soluble TNF-α–binding receptors. TNF-α is mainly produced by activated macrophages, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Lower expression is known for a variety of other cells, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. In cells, TNF-α is synthesized as pro-TNF (26 kDa), which is membrane-bound and is released upon cleavage of its pro domain by TNF-converting enzyme (TACE).

Many of the TNF-induced cellular responses are mediated by either one of the two TNF receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, both of which belong to the TNF receptor super-family. In response to TNF treatment, the transcription factor NF-κB and MAP kinases, including ERK, p38 and JNK, are activated in most types of cells and, in some cases, apoptosis or necrosis could also be induced. However, induction of apoptosis or necrosis is mainly achieved through TNFR1, which is also known as a death receptor. Activation of the NF-κB and MAPKs plays an important role in the induction of many cytokines and immune-regulatory proteins and is pivotal for many inflammatory responses.

TNF Receptor Isoform Specific Products:

TNF Receptor Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-120323
    DRI-C21045
    		Inhibitor 99.02%
    DRI-C21045 (compound 10) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the CD40-CD40L costimulatory protein-protein interaction (PPI) with an IC50 of 0.17 µM. DRI-C21045 shows concentration-dependent inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and B cell proliferation all induced by CD40L with IC50s of 17.1 µM and 4.5 µM, respectively.
    DRI-C21045
  • HY-P990008
    Atrosab
    		Antagonist
    Atrosab is a humanized IgG1 antagonistic anti-TNFR1 antibody. Atrosab inhibits TNF-mediated apoptosis induction and IL-6 and IL-8 production. Atrosab can be used for research of inflammatory disease.
    Atrosab
  • HY-N0405
    Orientin
    		Inhibitor 99.73%
    Orientin is a neuroprotective agentinhibits which has anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and cardio protection properties. Orientin inhibits the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Orientin increases IL-10 level. Orientin exhibits neuroprotective effect by inhibits TLR4 and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Orientin can used in study neuropathic pain.
    Orientin
  • HY-P99151
    Brentuximab
    		Inhibitor 98.99%
    Brentuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD30. Brentuximab is conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (HY-15162) to form the antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab vedotin (HY-P99107), which can induce apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Brentuximab vedotin exhibits antitumor activity with an IC50 of 10 nM against human CD30+ cancer cells.
    Brentuximab
  • HY-110247
    TRAF-STOP inhibitor 6877002
    		Inhibitor 99.67%
    TRAF-STOP inhibitor 6877002, is a selective inhibitor of CD40-TRAF6 interaction, compound VII, shows inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW cells, extracted from patent WO2014033122A1. TRAF-STOP 6877002 prevents the progression of established atherosclerosis in mice, reduces leukocyte recruitment and reduces macrophage activation; reduces macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic plaques.
    TRAF-STOP inhibitor 6877002
  • HY-111255
    SPD304
    		Inhibitor 99.35%
    SPD304 is a selective TNF-α inhibitor, which promotes dissociation of TNF trimers and therefore blocks the interaction of TNF and its receptor. SPD304 has an IC50 of 22 µM for inhibiting in vitro TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) binding to TNF-α.
    SPD304
  • HY-15509A
    Semapimod tetrahydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 98.43%
    Semapimod tetrahydrochloride (CNI-1493), an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine production, can inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Semapimod tetrahydrochloride inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50≈0.3 μM). Semapimod tetrahydrochloride inhibits p38 MAPK and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Semapimod tetrahydrochloride has potential in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
    Semapimod tetrahydrochloride
  • HY-N0619
    Mulberroside A
    		Inhibitor 99.86%
    Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory antiapoptotic effects. Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM.
    Mulberroside A
  • HY-147045
    UCB-5307
    		Inhibitor
    UCB-5307 is a potent TNF signaling inhibitor with a KD of 9 nM for human TNFα. UCB-5307 can penetrate the preformed hTNF/hTNFR1 complex.
    UCB-5307
  • HY-N0722
    Neochlorogenic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
    Neochlorogenic acid
  • HY-142618
    TNF-α-IN-6
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    TNF-α-IN-6 (compound 12) is an orally effective allosteric inhibitor of TNFα (KD = 6.8 nM). TNF-α-IN-6 has anti-inflammatory effects.
    TNF-α-IN-6
  • HY-P99339
    Tebentafusp
    Tebentafusp (IMCgp100) is a bispecific fusion protein to target gp100 peptide-HLA-A*02:01 (a melanoma-associated antigen). Tebentafusp guides T cells to kill gp100-expressing tumor cells via a high affinity T-cell receptor (TCR) binding domain and an anti-CD3 T-cell engaging domain. Tebentafusp leads to inflammatory cytokines and cytolytic proteins production, resulting in the direct lysis of tumour cells.
    Tebentafusp
  • HY-N0635
    Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin
    		99.94%
    Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression by through regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
    Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin
  • HY-N6607
    Tryptanthrin
    		Modulator 99.89%
    Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α.
    Tryptanthrin
  • HY-150725
    ODN 1585
    		Inducer
    ODN 1585 is a potent inducer of IFN and TNFα production. ODN 1585 is a potent stimulator of NK (natural killer) function. ODN 1585 increases CD8+ T-cell function, including the CD8+ T cell-mediated production of IFN-γ. ODN 1585 induces regression of established melanomas in mice. ODN 1585 can confer complete protection against malaria in mice. ODN 1585 can be used for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and malaria research. ODN 1585 can be used as a vaccine adjuvant.
    ODN 1585
  • HY-P99625
    Frexalimab
    		Inhibitor
    Frexalimab (SAR441344) is a second-generation monoclonal antibody targeting the CD40 ligand (CD40L) with a good safety profile. Frexalimab inhibits the binding between CD40 and CD40L to modulate immune response. Frexalimab is likely to help prevent the process of β-cell destruction. Frexalimab is proming for multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome and type I diabetes research.
    Frexalimab
  • HY-N0528
    Linarin
    		98.00%
    Linarin (Buddleoside), isolated from the flower extract of Mentha arvensis, shows selective dose dependent inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
    Linarin
  • HY-101448
    TMI-1
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    TMI-1 (WAY-171318) inhibits TNF converting enzyme (TACE) (IC50 of 8.4 nM), ADAM-TS-4, ADAM-17 and various MMPs with oral activity. TMI-1 significantly suppresses the secretion of TNF-α , alleviating collagen-induced arthritis in mice. TMI-1 inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. TMI-1 also reverses TRPV1 upregulation and lowers the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6) in nerve cells, protecting against paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity. TMI-1 leads to changes in pro-atherogenic lipoprotein profiles, but does not affect the progression of early lesions.
    TMI-1
  • HY-P99111
    Golimumab
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    Golimumab (CNTO-148) is a potent human IgG1 TNFα antagonist monoclonal antibody. Golimumab has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits IL-6 and IL-1β production. Golimumab acts via targeting and neutralizing TNF to prevent inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. Golimumab has the anticancer activity and induces cell apoptosis. Golimumab can be used for rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and cancer research.
    Golimumab
  • HY-100755
    KR-33493
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    KR-33493 is a potent inhibitor of Fas-mediated cell death (FAF1).
    KR-33493
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download TNF Receptor Signaling Pathway Map.

Following the binding of TNF to TNF receptors, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I; TNFR2 binds to TRAF1/2 directly to recruit cIAP1/2. Both cIAP1 and cIAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that add K63 linked polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1 and other components of the signaling complex. The ubiquitin ligase activity of the cIAPs is needed to recruit the LUBAC, which adds M1 linked linear polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1. K63 polyubiquitylated RIPK1 recruits TAB2, TAB3 and TAK1, which activate signaling mediated by JNK and p38, as well as the IκB kinase complex. The IKK complex then activates NF-κB signaling, which leads to the transcription of anti-apoptotic factors-such as FLIP and Bcl-XL-that promote cell survival. 

 

The formation of TNFR1 complex IIa and complex IIb depends on non-ubiquitylated RIPK1. For the formation of complex IIa, ubiquitylated RIPK1 in complex I is deubiquitylated by CYLD. This deubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from the membrane-bound complex and moves into the cytosol, where it interacts with TRADD, FADD, Pro-caspase 8 and FLIPL to form complex IIa. By contrast, complex IIb is formed when the RIPK1 in complex I is not ubiquitylated owing to conditions that have resulted in the depletion of cIAPs, which normally ubiquitylate RIPK1. This non-ubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from complex I, moves into the cytosol, and assembles with FADD, Pro-caspase 8, FLIPL and RIPK3 (but not TRADD) to form complex IIb. For either complex IIa or complex IIb to prevent necroptosis, both RIPK1 and RIPK3 must be inactivated by the cleavage activity of the Pro-caspase 8-FLIPL heterodimer or fully activated caspase 8. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer generates active Caspase 8, which is released from complex IIa and complex IIb. This active Caspase 8 then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis. 

 

Formation of the complex IIc (necrosome) is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs, similar to complex IIa and complex IIb formation. RIPK1 recruits numerous RIPK3 molecules. They come together to form amyloid microfilaments called necrosomes. Activated RIPK3 phosphorylates and recruits MLKL, eventually leading to the formation of a supramolecular protein complex at the plasma membrane and necroptosis [1][2].

 

Reference:
[1]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die.Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74. 
[2]. Conrad M, et al. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May;15(5):348-66. 
 

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