Gangliotetraose  (Synonyms: Gg4)

Gangliotetraose (Gg4) is a tetrasccharide, exhibits major components including GM1 and its sialylated derivatives. GM1 facilitates efflux of nuclear Ca²⁺ and reduces the level of nuclear Ca²⁺ that characterizes the differentiated neuron. GM1 affects neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, as well as neurotrophin release in the brain^[1][2].

Akt, ERK1/2^[3]; amyloid β-protein^[4]

Gangliotetraose (GM1) (10 μM; 1 h) increases the viability of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (1 mM; 2 h) and diminishes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative inactivation of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase^[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (100 nM and 10 μM; ) increases the basal activity of Akt and ERK1/2, without changing Akt activity in PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide^[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (50 μM; 24 h) binds the midportion of Aβ to produce Aβ oligomers, GM1 bound Aβ (GAβ). GAβ is endogenously generated in the brain and accelerates Aβ assembly by acting as a seed^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Gangliotetraose (GM1) (30 mg/kg; i.p.; 5, 11, 42, and 73 d) stimulates the regeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of rats after unilateral hemitransection^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

707.63

C₂₆H₄₅NO₂₁

75645-24-8

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Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Okada H, et al. Complement-mediated cytolysis and azidothymidine are synergistic in HIV-1 suppression. Int Immunol. 1998 Jan;10(1):91-5.   [Content Brief]

  [2]. Ledeen RW, et al. The role of GM1 and other gangliosides in neuronal differentiation. Overview and new finding. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Jun 19;845:161-75.   [Content Brief]

  [3]. Zakharova IO, et al. GM1 ganglioside activates ERK1/2 and Akt downstream of Trk tyrosine kinase and protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Neurochem Res. 2014 Nov;39(11):2262-75.   [Content Brief]

  [4]. Toffano G, et al. GM1 ganglioside stimulates the regeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system. Brain Res. 1983 Feb 14;261(1):163-6.   [Content Brief]