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  4. Gangliotetraose

Gangliotetraose (Gg4) is a tetrasccharide, exhibits major components including GM1 and its sialylated derivatives. GM1 facilitates efflux of nuclear Ca2+ and reduces the level of nuclear Ca2+ that characterizes the differentiated neuron. GM1 affects neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, as well as neurotrophin release in the brain.

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Gangliotetraose Chemical Structure

Gangliotetraose Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 75645-24-8

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Description

Gangliotetraose (Gg4) is a tetrasccharide, exhibits major components including GM1 and its sialylated derivatives. GM1 facilitates efflux of nuclear Ca2+ and reduces the level of nuclear Ca2+ that characterizes the differentiated neuron. GM1 affects neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, as well as neurotrophin release in the brain[1][2].

IC50 & Target

Akt, ERK1/2[3]; amyloid β-protein[4]

In Vitro

Gangliotetraose (GM1) (10 μM; 1 h) increases the viability of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (1 mM; 2 h) and diminishes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative inactivation of Na+, K+-ATPase[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (100 nM and 10 μM; ) increases the basal activity of Akt and ERK1/2, without changing Akt activity in PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (50 μM; 24 h) binds the midportion of Aβ to produce Aβ oligomers, GM1 bound Aβ (GAβ). GAβ is endogenously generated in the brain and accelerates Aβ assembly by acting as a seed[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay[3]

Cell Line: Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
Concentration: 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM
Incubation Time: 1 hour (preincubation); started 24 h after the transfer of the cells to the plates; exposed to 1 mM H2O2 for 2 h later
Result: Showed protective effect (rescue rates, %) on PC12 cells exposed to H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner.
The rescue rates ranged from 2.7% to 76% with concentration of 1 nM-50 μM.
In Vivo

Gangliotetraose (GM1) (30 mg/kg; i.p.; 5, 11, 42, and 73 d) stimulates the regeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of rats after unilateral hemitransection[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Unilateral semi-transection model in Sprague-Dawley rats (170-190 g)[5]
Dosage: 5 mg/kg; 30 mg/kg
Administration: Intraperitoneal injection; 5, 11, 42, 73 days; started on day 2 after surgery and finished 24 h before sacrifice
Result: Increased the Vmax of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the lesioned side starting on day 14 dose-dependently with 73% (5 mg/kg/d) and 85% (30 mg/kg/d) of that of the unlesioned side, respectively.
Molecular Weight

707.63

Formula

C26H45NO21

CAS No.
SMILES

CC(N[C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O)O)CO)[C@@H]1O[C@H]3[C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]([C@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O)CO)=O

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