Differential effects of Huaier aqueous extract on human CD4+T lymphocytes from patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia

Huaier, a traditional Chinese medicine, is currently used to treat certain types of Cancer in the clinic and is also regarded as an immune-modulating and immune-enhancing agent that regulates immune cells. Emerging evidence indicates that an imbalance of immune cells, such as CD4⁺ T helper (Th) lymphocytes, contributes to the progression of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but the effects of Huaier on the regulation of CD4⁺ T cells are not yet fully elucidated. In the present study, Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with ITP and healthy volunteers were treated with Huaier aqueous extract (HR). The CCK-8 assay revealed that HR suppressed the proliferation of Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 3 mg/mL could decrease cell viability by 50%. At the latter concentration, the activation of CD4⁺ T cells from patients with ITP was partially attenuated. In addition, HR could correct the unbalanced Th1/Th2 polarization and inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. It also suppressed Treg and facilitated Th17 differentiation, but did not change the levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. Thus, this study provides more information on how Huaier regulates cellular immunity and improves our understanding of the use of Huaier in ITP.