TPI1 activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to induce breast cancer progression by stabilizing CDCA5

Background: Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1), as a key glycolytic Enzyme, is upregulated in multiple cancers. However, expression profile and regulatory mechanism of TPI1 in breast Cancer (BRCA) remain mysterious.

Methods: Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were used to investigate the expression of TPI1 in BRCA specimens and cell lines. TPI1 correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 362 BRCA patients was analyzed using a tissue microarray. Overexpression and knockdown function experiments in cells and mice models were performed to elucidate the function and mechanisms of TPI1-induced BRCA progression. Related molecular mechanisms were clarified using co-IP, IF, mass spectrometric analysis, and ubiquitination assay.

Results: We have found TPI1 is highly expressed in BRCA tissue and cell lines, acting as an independent indicator for prognosis in BRCA patients. TPI1 promotes BRCA cell glycolysis, proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TPI1 activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and aerobic glycolysis, which is positively mediated by cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5). Moreover, TPI1 interacts with sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)/p62, and p62 decreases the protein expression of TPI1 by promoting its ubiquitination in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Conclusions: TPI1 promotes BRCA progression by stabilizing CDCA5, which then activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. p62 promotes ubiquitin-dependent Proteasome degradation of TPI1. Collectively, TPI1 promotes tumor development and progression, which may serve as a therapeutic target for BRCA.