1. Recombinant Proteins
  2. Cytokines and Growth Factors
  3. TGF-beta Superfamily
  4. Smad Family
  5. SMAD4
  6. SMAD4 Protein, Human (His)

SMAD4 is a class of common mediator SMAD (Co-SMAD), which belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family. It conducts cell signals through the SMAD4/TGF-β pathway and plays an important role in promoting bone development and tissue homeostasis. SMAD4 induces chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and specifically targets stem cells to participate in self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. SMAD4 can also protect cell apoptosis and inhibit epithelial cell proliferation, showing antitumor effects. SMAD4 Protein, Human (His) has the 552 a.a. sequence (M1-D552), produced in E.coli with C-terminal 6*His-tag.

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Description

SMAD4 is a class of common mediator SMAD (Co-SMAD), which belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family. It conducts cell signals through the SMAD4/TGF-β pathway and plays an important role in promoting bone development and tissue homeostasis. SMAD4 induces chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and specifically targets stem cells to participate in self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. SMAD4 can also protect cell apoptosis and inhibit epithelial cell proliferation, showing antitumor effects[1][2]. SMAD4 Protein, Human (His) has the 552 a.a. sequence (M1-D552), produced in E.coli with C-terminal 6*His-tag.

Background

SMAD4 belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family. SMAD is a group of proteins that carry extracellular signals directly to the nucleus. Mammalian SMAD can be divided into three categories: receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD), common-mediated SMAD (Co-SMAD), and inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD). (1) R-SMAD included SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5 and SMAD8/9, among which Smad2/3 mediated signal transduction of TGF-β subfamily members. SMAD1/5/8 mediates signaling from members of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) subfamily. (2) Co-SMAD includes SMAD4, which is the central mediator of TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways. (3) I-SMAD, including SMAD6 and SMAD7, inhibits receptor-mediated phosphorylation of R-SMAD, thereby preventing the formation of complexes with Co SMAD. SMAD4 plays an important role in cellular signaling of bone development (from chondrocyte precursors to mature osteocytes) and tissue homeostasis. Specifically, TGF-β signals upstream to activate SMAD4 and R-SMAD (i.e. SMAD2/3) to interact and form oligomer complexes that regulate the expression of target genes. However, SMAD3/4 mainly induced chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Abnormal expression of SMAD4 can inhibit cartilage production in animal models, and even lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor induction. SMAD4 also specifically targets stem cells and may be involved in self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. At the same time, SMAD4 regulates the cell polarity of chondrocytes, affecting the shape, size, migration and orientation of chondrocytes. It also promotes cell migration, adhesion and cytoskeletal tissue generation in different cells through the SMAD4/TGF-β pathway. The SMAD4/TGF-β pathway is also extensively regulated by classical pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and WNT/β-catenin to form complex networks. SMAD4 also regulates apoptosis, leading to follicular atresia by inhibiting granulosa cell apoptosis. In colorectal cancer cells, TGF-β induces Smad4-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, which leads to apoptosis. The protective effect of SMAD4 on apoptosis is also the key to the differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes. In addition, apoptosis is crucial for differentiation and bone homeostasis, that is, osteoblast apoptosis promotes osteoclast generation and bone resorption, which is an important process of bone homeostasis. SMAD4 also controls gene regulatory networks in early limb buds, and chondrocyte specific Smad4-KO mice exhibit dwarfism and impaired growth plate tissue. SMAD4 protein also inhibited epithelial cell proliferation and decreased angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability, showing antitumor effects[1][2].

In Vitro

SMAD4 knockout inhibits TGFβ/ activin/lymph node receptor signaling and restricts the rapid differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)[3].

Species

Human

Source

E. coli

Tag

C-6*His

Accession

Q13485 (M1-D552)

Gene ID
Molecular Construction
N-term
SMAD4 (M1-D552)
Accession # Q13485
6*His
C-term
Synonyms
Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4; MAD Homolog 4; Mothers Against DPP Homolog 4; Deletion Target in Pancreatic Carcinoma 4; SMAD Family Member 4; SMAD 4; Smad4; hSMAD4; SMAD4; DPC4; MADH4
AA Sequence

MDNMSITNTPTSNDACLSIVHSLMCHRQGGESETFAKRAIESLVKKLKEKKDELDSLITAITTNGAHPSKCVTIQRTLDGRLQVAGRKGFPHVIYARLWRWPDLHKNELKHVKYCQYAFDLKCDSVCVNPYHYERVVSPGIDLSGLTLQSNAPSSMMVKDEYVHDFEGQPSLSTEGHSIQTIQHPPSNRASTETYSTPALLAPSESNATSTANFPNIPVASTSQPASILGGSHSEGLLQIASGPQPGQQQNGFTGQPATYHHNSTTTWTGSRTAPYTPNLPHHQNGHLQHHPPMPPHPGHYWPVHNELAFQPPISNHPAPEYWCSIAYFEMDVQVGETFKVPSSCPIVTVDGYVDPSGGDRFCLGQLSNVHRTEAIERARLHIGKGVQLECKGEGDVWVRCLSDHAVFVQSYYLDREAGRAPGDAVHKIYPSAYIKVFDLRQCHRQMQQQAATAQAAAAAQAAAVAGNIPGPGSVGGIAPAISLSAAAGIGVDDLRRLCILRMSFVKGWGPDYPRQSIKETPCWIEIHLHRALQLLDEVLHTMPIADPQPLD

Molecular Weight

Approximately 62.0-68.0 kDa

Purity

Greater than 80% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Appearance

Lyophilized powder.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0.

Endotoxin Level

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

Reconstitution

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH2O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Storage & Stability

Stored at -20°C for 2 years. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US;may vary elsewhere.

Documentation
References

SMAD4 Protein, Human (His) Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

    1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss. 2. Taking 10 μg as an example, first add 20 μL of reconstituted solution provided by MCE and use a pipette to gently resuspend the lyophilized protein until it is fully dissolved.. (For most proteins, the reconstitution solution we provide is sterile water. If a diluent other than water is required, it will be indicated in the product's Certificate of Analysis (COA).). 3. Add an additional 80 μL of buffer/culture medium containing carrier protein (either 0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS, or 5% trehalose), and then use a pipette to gently mix until uniform. The final concentration is should not be lower than 100 μg/mL. 4. Aliquot at least 20 μL per tube. 5. After aliquoting, store it frozen at a temperature ranging from -20ºC to -80ºC, and it can be preserved for 3 to 6 months.

  • How should solution-form recombinant proteins be stored?

    1. The product can be stored in its original form and diluted as needed upon use. 2. Alternatively, dilute with a buffer/culture medium containing a carrier protein (either 0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS, or 5% alginate), mix well by pipetting, and ensure that

  • Why is it necessary to add carrier proteins?

    Carrier proteins are commonly added to enhance the stability of recombinant proteins, preventing them from adhering to the walls of the container during freezing or thawing processes. Plastic tubes have a certain adsorptive capacity for proteins, which may lead to difficulty in separating the protein from the tube walls, resulting in a decrease in the actual concentration of the protein in the solution and thus affecting its activity. To minimize such losses, it is recommended to add a commonly used carrier protein solution prior to the long-term storage of recombinant protein products.

  • Carrier protein types and options?

    In cases where the carrier protein is not expected to influence the experimental outcomes, an appropriate carrier protein, such as 0.1% BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin), 5% HSA (Human Serum Albumin), 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), or 5% trehalose, can be incorpo

  • Reconstitution Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

  • Specific Activity Calculator

The reconstitution calculator equation

Volume (to add to vial) = Mass (in vial) ÷ Desired Reconstitution Concentration

Volume (to add to vial) = Mass (in vial) ÷ Desired Reconstitution Concentration
= ÷

The dilution calculator equation

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
× = ×
C1   V1   C2   V2

The specific activity calculator equation

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)
Unit/mg = 106 ÷ ng/mL

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Product Name:
SMAD4 Protein, Human (His)
Cat. No.:
HY-P71324
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