2. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Vitamin D Related/Nuclear Receptor Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Immunology/Inflammation NF-κB Stem Cell/Wnt JAK/STAT Signaling Apoptosis
  3. PPAR Reactive Oxygen Species STAT NF-κB Apoptosis
  4. Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.

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Astaxanthin Chemical Structure

Astaxanthin Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 472-61-7

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Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Astaxanthin:

Astaxanthin Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Astaxanthin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Biol Med. 2023 Jan 23;15353702221147568.  [Abstract]

    Astaxanthin (ASTA) decreases levels of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in MLE-12 cells, which reveals that ASTA prevents apoptosis stimulated by LPS in MLE-12 cells.

    Astaxanthin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Biol Med. 2023 Jan 23;15353702221147568.  [Abstract]

    Astaxanthin (ASTA) inhibits apoptosis by targeting NF-κB signal pathway in MLE-12 cells.

    View All PPAR Isoform Specific Products:

    View All Isoforms
    PPARα PPARβ/δ PPARγ PPAR PPARδ

    View All STAT Isoform Specific Products:

    View All Isoforms
    STAT3 STAT5 STAT6 STAT1

    View All NF-κB Isoform Specific Products:

    View All Isoforms
    NF-κB NF-κB1/p50 RelA/p65 RelB c-Rel

    • Biological Activity

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed[1][2][3][4][5].

    IC50 & Target[1][2][3][4]

    PPARγ

     

    STAT3

     

    In Vitro

    Astaxanthin (50, 100, 150, 200 μM; 48 h) inhibits the proliferation of DU145 cells (IC50<200 μM)[1].
    Astaxanthin (200 μM; 24 h) reduces the expression of STAT3 and the related pathway proteins (at both protein and mRNA levels) by inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and weakening migration and invasion[1]
    Astaxanthin protects RPE cells from abnormal activation and oxidative stress (induced by high glucose) by down-regulating VEGF in high glucose at protein levels[2].
    Astaxanthin (1-50 μM; 72 h) upregulates protein expression of PPARγ in time- and dose-dependent manners in K562 cells[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Astaxanthin Related Antibodies

    Apoptosis Analysis[1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM (pre-incubation)
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 8.5% to 13.1% (compared to blank control).

    Cell Migration Assay [1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Decreased the migration and invasion of DU145 cells (about 41% of cells could not pass from one chamber to another, and 36% cells could not pass through the transwell membrane as compared to the control group).

    Cell Proliferation Assay[2]

    Cell Line: ARPE-19 cells
    Concentration: 50 µM (pre-incubation)
    Incubation Time: 7 days
    Result: Significantly decreased cell proliferation exposed to high glucose.

    Western Blot Analysis[1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Reduced the expression of STAT3 at both protein and mRNA levels (downregulated the protein expression of JAK2, BCL-2 and NF-κB and upregulated the protein expression of BAX, Caspase3 and Caspase9).

    Western Blot Analysis[3]

    Cell Line: K562 cells
    Concentration: 1-50 µM
    Incubation Time: 72 h
    Result: Significantly promoted PPARγ protein expression in time- and dose-dependent manners.
    In Vivo

    Astaxanthin (200 mg/kg; intragastric administration; once daily for 3 weeks) inhibits the growth of DU145 tumor xenografts in nude mice[1].
    Astaxanthin (125 or 500 mg/kg; in animal feedings; 7 days) provides significant cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats[4].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: Nude mice (approximately 20 g; DU145 tumor xenografts model)[1].
    Dosage: 200 mg/kg
    Administration: Intragastric administration; once daily for 3 weeks.
    Result: Exerted a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth.
    Animal Model: Female C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old)[4].
    Dosage: 125 or 500 mg/kg
    Administration: In animal feedings; 7 days.
    Result: Significantly reduced mean infarct size in the two treated groups (125 and 500 mg/kg) to 45.1% and 39.1%, respectively.
    Exhibited myocardial salvage of 26 and 36% for 125 and 500 mg/kg groups, respectively.
    Significantl reduced level of 9-HETE in a dose-dependent manner. 9-HETE is a regioisomer oxidation product of arachidonic acid believed to be a product of free radical-mediated oxidation.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    596.84

    Formula

    C40H52O4
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    Dark purple to black

    SMILES

    CC(/C=C/C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C1=O)C)=C1C)=C\C=C\C(C)=C\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C2=O)C)=C2C
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source

    Haematococcus pluvialis
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen

    *The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 2 mg/mL (3.35 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    Acetone : < 1 mg/mL (insoluble)

    *Astaxanthin is usually formulated as a suspension.

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 1.6755 mL 8.3775 mL 16.7549 mL
    5 mM --- --- ---
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

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    Volume (start)

    V1

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    C2

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    In Vivo:

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  0.5% CMC-Na/saline water

      Solubility: 3.33 mg/mL (5.58 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  20% HP-β-CD in Saline

      Solubility: 3.33 mg/mL (5.58 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

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    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: ≥98.0%

    COA (241 KB) HNMR (275 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO 1 mM 1.6755 mL 8.3775 mL 16.7549 mL 41.8873 mL
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    Astaxanthin Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Astaxanthin472-61-7PPARReactive Oxygen SpeciesSTATNF-κBApoptosisPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsNuclear factor-κBNuclear factor-kappaBDU145cancerSTAT3DRROSapoptosisARPE-19K562Inhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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