2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-162228
    VI-60
    		Inhibitor
    VI-60 is a dual, orally active inhibitor of cPLA2 and COX-2, which reveals an anti-inflammtory efficacy through the inhibition of p38 MAPK/cPLA2/COX-2/PGE2 pathway.
    VI-60
  • HY-N0904R
    Ginsenoside C-K (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ginsenoside C-K (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside C-K. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.
    Ginsenoside C-K (Standard)
  • HY-N1390R
    Syringaldehyde (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Syringaldehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of Syringaldehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Syringaldehyde is a polyphenolic compound belonging to the group of flavonoids and is found in different plant species like Manihot esculenta and Magnolia officinalis. Syringaldehyde moderately inhibits COX-2 activity with an IC50 of 3.5 μg/mL. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Syringaldehyde (Standard)
  • HY-168340
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-6
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-6 (Compound 5l) is the dual inhibitor for COX-2 and 15-LOX, with IC50 of 0.201 μM and 11.723 μM. COX-2/15-LOX-IN-6 inhibits the expression of PGE, TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS in serum, and exhibits anti-inflammatory effect in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced rats edema model.
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-6
  • HY-134996
    N-Acetyl-2-carboxybenzenesulfonamide
    N-Acetyl-2-carboxybenzenesulfonamide is an orally active COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.06 μM and 0.25 μM, respectively. N-Acetyl-2-carboxybenzenesulfonamide shows anti-inflammatory activity.
    N-Acetyl-2-carboxybenzenesulfonamide
  • HY-B0335S
    Tolfenamic acid-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Tolfenamic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Tolfenamic Acid. Tolfenamic Acid (GEA 6414) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent, selectively inhibits COX-2, with an IC50 of 13.49 μM (3.53 μg/mL) in LPS-treated (COX-2) canine DH82 monocyte/macrophage cells, but shows no effect on COX-1.
    Tolfenamic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-14397AR
    Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dimethenamide-P (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dimethenamide-P. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dimethenamide-P is an amide herbicide effective for the pre-emergence management of annual grasses, small-seeded broadleaf weeds, and sedges in ornamental plants, functioning by inhibiting the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids.
    Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-151428
    Antitumor agent-78
    		Activator
    Antitumor agent-78 is an antitumor agent, inhibits cancer cells growth and migration. Antitumor agent-78 triggers ferroptosis by inhibiting GPx-4 and elevating COX2. Antitumor agent-78 also activates intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Bax-Bcl-2-caspase-3) and hinders Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of cancer cells.
    Antitumor agent-78
  • HY-B2121R
    6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (Standard) (6-MNA (Standard)) is the analytical standard of 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (HY-B2121). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (6-MNA) is the active metabolite of Nabumetone (HY-B0559). 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid is also an inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2. 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid can inhibit the synthesis of gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2. 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid can be used in the research of inflammation and pain-related diseases. In addition, 6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid is an impurity in Naproxen (HY-15030) and can also be used in the synthesis of other active compounds.
    6-Methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B0476S1
    Phenacetin-13C
    Phenacetin-13C is the 13C labeled Phenacetin. Phenacetin (Acetophenetidin) is a non-opioid analgesic/antipyretic agent. Phenacetin is a selective COX-3 inhibitor. Phenacetin is used as probe of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes and in rats.
    Phenacetin-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-17474AS
    Parecoxib-d5 sodium
    		Inhibitor
    Parecoxib-d5 sodium is the deuterium labeled Parecoxib sodium. Parecoxib Sodium (SC 69124A) is a highly selective and orally active COX-2 inhibitor, the proagent of Valdecoxib (HY-15762). Parecoxib Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Parecoxib Sodium can be used for the relief of acute postoperative pain and symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in vivo.
    Parecoxib-d<sub>5</sub> sodium
  • HY-170585
    COX-2-IN-51
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-51 (E25) is a potent COX-2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 70.7 nM. COX-2-IN-51 significantly inhibits LPS-induced release of NO and PGE2, expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and activation of NF-κB pathway. COX-2-IN-51 exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in diverse murine models through inhibiting NF-κB pathway. COX-2-IN-51 has lower gastrointestinal side effects than Indomethacin (HY-14397).
    COX-2-IN-51
  • HY-155781
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53
    		Inhibitor
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53 (compound 7c) is an orally active selective COX-2 inhibitor. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has anti-HT29 transfer activity, which leads to periodic arrest in S phase and G2/M phase. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has safety, moderate ability to suppress inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has a rare property of suppressing the development of tumor in mouse model, showing anti-cancer activity.
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53
  • HY-114873
    LY256548
    		Inhibitor
    LY256548 (LY25648) is an orally available anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory compound with central nervous system activity. LY256548 is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and COX, and inhibits A23187 (HY-N6687)-stimulated leukotriene B4 production. LY256548 inhibits bone damage and paw swelling in the rat Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis (FCA) model.
    LY256548
  • HY-B0008S
    Sulindac-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Sulindac-d3 is deuterium labeled Sulindac. Sulindac (MK-231) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acts as a COX-2 inhibitor, and inhibits overexpression of COX-2.
    Sulindac-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N15530
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol
    		Inhibitor
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol is found in P. crocatum and Dirca palustris. 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol is a COX-I inhibitor. 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol has anti-inflammatory activity .
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol
  • HY-15037S
    Diclofenac-13C6 sodium heminonahydrate
    		Inhibitor
    Diclofenac-13C6 (sodium heminonahydrate) is the 13C-labeled Diclofenac Sodium. Diclofenac Sodium (GP 45840) is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac Sodium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub> sodium heminonahydrate
  • HY-155159
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2 is a potent dual COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.065?μM and 1.86?μM, respectively. COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2 has potent antioxidant activity.
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2
  • HY-N7630
    Rehmapicrogenin
    		Inhibitor
    Rehmapicrogenin, isolated from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6.
    Rehmapicrogenin
  • HY-167734
    Pemedolac
    		Inhibitor
    Pemedolac (AY-30715) is a potent analgesic with significant pain-relief efficacy against chemically induced and inflammatory pain in animal models. Pemedolac displays a notable separation between analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory activity, achieving effective pain relief at much lower doses than those required for anti-inflammatory or gastric irritant effects. Pemedolac also shows low ulcerogenic potential, indicating a safer profile compared to standard NSAIDs while being utilized for the treatment of neurological, skin, and musculoskeletal disorders.
    Pemedolac
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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