2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  4. HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC

Related Products

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HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

HDAC Isoform Specific Products:

HDAC Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12164
    Mocetinostat
    		Inhibitor 99.43%
    Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) is a potent, orally active and isotype-selective HDAC (Class I/IV) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11, respectively. Mocetinostat shows no inhibition on HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, or HDAC8.
    Mocetinostat
  • HY-100508
    ITSA-1
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    ITSA-1 is an activator of histone deacetylase (HDAC), and counteract trichostatin A (TSA)-induced cell cycle arrest, histone acetylation, and transcriptional activation.
    ITSA-1
  • HY-B0809
    Theophylline
    		Activator 99.89%
    Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline
  • HY-18361
    TMP195
    		Inhibitor 99.57%
    TMP195 is a selective class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with Kis of 59, 60, 26, 15 nM for HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7 and HDAC9, respectively.
    TMP195
  • HY-18998
    LMK-235
    		Inhibitor 99.61%
    LMK-235 is a potent and selective HDAC4/5 inhibitor, inhibits HDAC5, HDAC4, HDAC6, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC11 and HDAC8, with IC50s of 4.22 nM, 11.9 nM, 55.7 nM, 320 nM, 881 nM, 852 nM and 1278 nM, respectively, and is used in cancer research.
    LMK-235
  • HY-15433
    Quisinostat
    		Inhibitor 98.34%
    Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585) is a potent, second-generation and orally active pan-HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), with IC50 values ranging from 0.11 nM to 0.64 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, HDAC10 and HDAC11. Quisinostat has a broad spectrum antitumoral activity. Quisinostat can induce autophagy in neuroblastoma cells.
    Quisinostat
  • HY-13428
    Tubacin
    		Inhibitor 99.54%
    Tubacin is a potent and selective inhibitor of HDAC6, with an IC50 value of 4 nM and approximately 350-fold selectivity over HDAC1. Tubacin also inhibits metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubacin
  • HY-N0931
    Santacruzamate A
    		Inhibitor 99.04%
    Santacruzamate A (CAY-10683, STA) is a potent and selective HDAC2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 119 pM. STA also exerts neuroprotective property against amyloid-β protein fragment 25–35. STA can be used for cancer and neurological disease research.
    Santacruzamate A
  • HY-15224
    PCI-34051
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    PCI-34051 is a potent and selective HDAC8 inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM, with >200-fold selectivity over the other HDAC isoforms.
    PCI-34051
  • HY-13522
    Fimepinostat
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Fimepinostat (CUDC-907) potently inhibits class I PI3Ks as well as classes I and II HDAC enzymes with an IC50 of 19/54/39 nM and 1.7/5.0/1.8/2.8 nM for PI3Kα/PI3Kβ/PI3Kδ and HDAC1/HDAC2/HDAC3/HDAC10 , respectively.
    Fimepinostat
  • HY-18360
    TMP269
    		Inhibitor 98.05%
    TMP269 is a novel and selective class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with IC50s of 157 nM, 97 nM, 43 nM and 23 nM for HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7 and HDAC9, respectively.
    TMP269
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 98.19%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
  • HY-112285
    FT895
    		Inhibitor 99.84%
    FT895 is a potent and selective HDAC11 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM.
    FT895
  • HY-13216
    Pyroxamide
    		Inhibitor 99.54%
    Pyroxamide is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) with an ID50 of 100 nM. Pyroxamide can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in leukemia.
    Pyroxamide
  • HY-N6735
    Apicidin
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    Apicidin (OSI 2040) is a fungal metabolite, acts as an orally active histone deacetylase 7/8 (HDAC7/8) inhibitor, with antiparasitic activity and a broad spectrum antiproliferative activity. Apicidin can be used for cancer research.
    Apicidin
  • HY-13322
    Pracinostat
    		Inhibitor 99.82%
    Pracinostat is a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with IC50s of 40-140 nM, used for cancer research. Pracinostat also inhibits metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2) hydrolase activity with an EC50 below 10 nM.
    Pracinostat
  • HY-50934
    Tacedinaline
    		Inhibitor 99.32%
    Tacedinaline (N-acetyldinaline) is an inhibitor of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) with IC50s of 0.9, 0.9, 1.2 μM for recombinant HDAC 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
    Tacedinaline
  • HY-18613
    CAY10603
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    CAY10603 (BML-281) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 pM; CAY10603 (BML-281) also inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, HDAC10, with IC50s of 271, 252, 0.42, 6851, 90.7 nM.
    CAY10603
  • HY-116522
    AR420626
    		Inhibitor 98.29%
    AR420626 is a selective agonist of free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3) (IC50=117 nM). AR420626 has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic activities. AR420626 improves neurogenic diarrhea by inhibiting nAChR mediated neural pathways. AR420626 inhibits the growth of HepG2 xenografts and inhibits the proliferation of hepatoma cells by inducing apoptosis. AR420626 also suppresses allergic asthma and eczema and has the ability to activate GPR41 to increase Ca2+ signal-mediated glucose uptake and improve diabetes.
    AR420626
  • HY-10223
    CUDC-101
    		Inhibitor 98.84%
    CUDC-101 is a potent inhibitor of HDAC, EGFR, and HER2 with IC50s of 4.4, 2.4, and 15.7 nM, respectively. CUDC-101 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    CUDC-101
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download HDAC Signaling Pathway Map.

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC Isoform Comparison

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