2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

Related Products

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-11042
    GNE-477
    		Inhibitor 98.75%
    GNE-477 is a potent and efficacious dual PI3K (IC50=4 nM)/mTOR(Ki=21 nM) inhibitor.
    GNE-477
  • HY-118717
    mTOR inhibitor WYE-28
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    mTOR inhibitor WYE-28 (compound 28) is a selective inhibitor of mTOR>/b< (IC50)=0.08 nM. mTOR inhibitor WYE-28 inhibits PI3Kα with an IC50 value of 6 nM. mTOR inhibitor WYE-28 shows a metabolic time (T1/2) in nude mouse microsomes of 13 min.
    mTOR inhibitor WYE-28
  • HY-137175
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1
    		Antagonist 99.60%
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1, a potential TMBIM6 antagonist, prevents TMBIM6 binding to mTORC2, decreases mTORC2 activity, and also regulates TMBIM6-leaky Ca2+.
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1
  • HY-109046
    Tulrampator
    		99.39%
    Tulrampator (S-47445) is an orally active selective AMPA receptor modulator. Tulrampator possesses procognitive, enhancing synaptic plasticity, anti-depressant-anxiolytic-like, procognitive and potential neuroprotective properties. Tulrampator can be used for research of alzheimer’s disease and in major depressive disorder.
    Tulrampator
  • HY-110109
    ETP-45658
    		Inhibitor 98.97%
    ETP-45658 is a potent PI3K inhibitor, with IC50s of 22.0 nM, 39.8 nM, 129.0 nM and 717.3 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, respectively. ETP-45658 also can inhibit DNA-PK (IC50=70.6 nM) and mTOR (IC50=152.0 nM). ETP-45658 can be used for the research of cancer.
    ETP-45658
  • HY-N0486S2
    L-Leucine-13C6
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    Leucine-13C6 is the 13C-labeled L-Leucine. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
    L-Leucine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-11080
    PKI-179
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    PKI-179 is a potent and orally active dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, with IC50s of 8 nM, 24 nM, 74 nM, 77 nM, and 0.42 nM for PI3K-α, PI3K-β, PI3K-γ, PI3K-δ and mTOR, respectively. PKI-179 also exhibits activity over E545K and H1047R, with IC50s of 14 nM and 11 nM, respectively. PKI-179 shows anti-tumor activity in vivo.
    PKI-179
  • HY-151622
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-11
    		Inhibitor 98.74%
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-11 is an orally active PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (IC50: 3.5, 4.6, and 21.3 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, and mTOR). PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-11 regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT and S6 proteins. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-11 can be used in the research of cancers.
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-11
  • HY-136660
    PQR626
    		Inhibitor 98.05%
    PQR626, a rapamycin derivative, is a potent, selective, orally active, and brain-penetrant mTOR inhibitor, with an IC50 and Ki of 5 nM and 3.6 nM, respectively. PQR626 can be can be used for the research of neurological disorders.
    PQR626
  • HY-N1050
    Zederone
    		Inhibitor 99.61%
    Zederone, a germacrane-type sesquiterpene, has potently cytotoxic against human white blood cancer cells and human prostate cancer cells. Zederone significantly inhibits the proliferation and downregulates the protein expressions of mTOR, and phosphorylated p70 S6 kinase (p-p70s6K) in SKOV3 cells.
    Zederone
  • HY-N2217
    Rotundic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.41%
    Rotundic acid, a triterpenoid obtained from Ilex rotunda Thunb., induces DNA damage and cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma through AKT/mTOR and MAPK Pathways. Rotundic acid possesses anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective abilities.
    Rotundic acid
  • HY-163199
    ASCT2-IN-2
    		Inhibitor 99.10%
    ASCT2-IN-2 (compound 25e) is an ASCT2 inhibitor with IC50 of 5.14 μM. ASCT2-IN-2 regulates amino acid metabolism as well as mTOR signaling and thereby induces cell apoptosis. ASCT2-IN-2 inhibits tumor growth.
    ASCT2-IN-2
  • HY-13806
    XL388
    		Inhibitor 99.74%
    XL388 is a highly potent and ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 9.9 nM. XL388 simultaneously inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    XL388
  • HY-163198
    ASCT2-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 98.21%
    ASCT2-IN-1 (compound 20k) is an ASCT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 5.6 μM and 3.5 μM in cells A549 and HEK293, respectively. ASCT2-IN-1 induces cell apoptosis. ASCT2-IN-1 inhibits tumor growth.
    ASCT2-IN-1
  • HY-107363
    FT-1518
    		Inhibitor 98.62%
    FT-1518 is a new generation selective, potent and oral bioavailable mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor, and exhibits antitumor activity.
    FT-1518
  • HY-122665
    HTH-01-091
    		Inhibitor 98.64%
    HTH-01-091 is a potent and selective maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 10.5 nM. HTH-01-091 also inhibits PIM1/2/3, RIPK2, DYRK3, smMLCK and CLK2. HTH-01-091 can be uesd for breast cancer research.
    HTH-01-091
  • HY-124582
    NEO214
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    NEO214 is an autophagy inhibitor and a covalent conjugate of the PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram (HY-16900) and perillyl alcohol (HY-N7000). It has anti-cancer activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Over sex. NEO214 prevents autophagy-lysosome fusion, thereby blocking autophagic flux and triggering glioma cell death. The process involves mTOR activation, andTFEB(Transcription Factor EB) aggregation. NEO214 inhibitionMacroautophagy/autophagy in glioblastoma cells has the potential to overcome chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma.
    NEO214
  • HY-162382
    KTC1101
    		Inhibitor 98.09%
    KTC1101 is an orally active pan-PI3K inhibitor. KTC1101 can inhibit the PI3K signaling pathway, reduce downstream AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, and reduces the expression of Ki67. The anti-tumor effect of KTC1101 has a dual mechanism of action: directly inhibiting tumor cell growth and dynamically enhancing immune response.
    KTC1101
  • HY-13691
    MKC-1
    		Inhibitor 99.78%
    MKC-1 (Ro-31-7453) is an orally active and potent cell cycle inhibitor with broad antitumor activity. MKC-1 inhibits the Akt/mTOR pathway. MKC-1 arrests cellular mitosis and induces cell apoptosis by binding to a number of different cellular proteins including tubulin and members of the importin β family.
    MKC-1
  • HY-12652
    AZD3147
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    AZD3147 is a potent, orally active, selective dual inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of 1.5 nM. AZD3147 also has a selective effect on PI3K.
    AZD3147
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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