AITRL/TNFSF18 Protein, Human

AITRL, a type II transmembrane protein, is a ligand for glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). When AITRL binds to GITR, GITR can produce costimulatory signals that regulate T-cell proliferation and effector functions. GITR/AITRL interaction plays a role in the pathogenesis of tumor, inflammation, as well as autoimmune diseases^[1]. Besides, AITRL plays a role in endothelial cells (EC)-activation and increases STAT-1 phosphorylation and the expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1)^[2]. AITRL/TNFSF18 Protein, Human is a recombinant human AITRL (E74-I198) without tag, which is expressed in E.coli.

GITRL (AITRL), a type II transmembrane protein, is a ligand for glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). GITR, a member of the TNFR superfamily, is expressed in T cells, natural killer cells and some myeloid cells. And GITRL is mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells (B cells, dendritic cells), macrophages and endothelial cells (ECs)^[1].
When GITRL binds to GITR, GITR can produce costimulatory signals that regulate T-cell proliferation and effector functions. The interaction stimulates proliferation and cytokine production of both CD4⁺ Teff and Treg cells, and drives antitumor activity of CD8⁺ T cells^[3]. Besides, GITRL plays a role in EC-activation and promotes adhesion in both mice and humans, which increases STAT-1 phosphorylation and the augmented expression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1 and ICAM-1^[2].
Human GITRL shares < 55% common aa identity with mouse. Human GITRL consists of cytoplasmic domain (M1-W27), helical domain (L28-F48), and extracellular domain (L49-S177). Human GITRL is a trimer, but can also be a monomer or assemble in other multimeric structures^[4].
GITR/GITRL interaction plays a role in the pathogenesis of tumor, inflammation, as well as autoimmune diseases^[1].

AITRL (human, 48 h) reduces the suppressive capacity of MDSCs on CD4⁺ T cells (MDSCs induced from healthy donors)^[5].

The ED₅₀ is <5 ng/mL as measured by PMBC, corresponding to a specific activity of >2 × 10⁵ units/mg.

Human

E. coli

Tag Free

Q9UNG2 (E52-I176)

8995  [NCBI]

METAKEPCMAKFGPLPSKWQMASSEPPCVNKVSDWKLEILQNGLYLIYGQVAPNANYNDVAPFEVRLYKNKDMIQTLTNKSKIQNVGGTYELHVGDTIDLIFNSEHQVLKNNTYWGIILLANPQFI

Approximately 14.3 kDa

Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lyophilized powder.

Lyophilized after extensive dialysis against 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0.

<0.2 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH₂O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Stored at -20°C for 2 years. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

• [1]. Tian J, et al. The Role of GITR/GITRL Interaction in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2020 Oct 9;11:588682.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Park MS, et al. The association of the activation-inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand with lumbar disc herniation. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Oct 31;48(5):839-46.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Lacal PM, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related ligand triggering upregulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and promotes leukocyte adhesion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Oct;347(1):164-72.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Wang F, et al. Structures of mouse and human GITR-GITRL complexes reveal unique TNF superfamily interactions. Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 2;12(1):1378.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Placke T, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) protein and its ligand in antitumor immunity: functional role and therapeutic modulation. Clin Dev Immunol. 2010;2010:239083.  [Content Brief]

  [6]. Tian J, et al. Increased GITRL Impairs the Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Exacerbates Primary Sjögren Syndrome. J Immunol. 2019 Mar 15;202(6):1693-1703.  [Content Brief]