GRO-alpha/CXCL1 Protein, Human

CXCL1 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1), also known as GRO alpha, NAP-3 or MGSA, belongs to the sub-family of CXC chemokine. CXCL1 is involved in the development of many inflammatory diseases, including the induction of angiogenesis and recruitment of neutrophils. CXCL1 is produced by many cell types, and activates CXCR2 and, at high levels, CXCR1^[1]. GRO-alpha/CXCL1 Protein, Human is produced in E. coli, and consists of 73 amino acids (A35-N107).

CXCL1, also known as GRO-α, is a polypeptide that is initially isolated from human melanoma cells. CXCL1 acts as a key chemoattractant for neutrophils by binding specifically to its corresponding G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR2. CXCL1 modulates angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing. In general, CXCL1 levels are extremely low under normal physiological conditions and greatly increased during inflammatory conditions^[2][3].
The amino acid sequence of human CXCL1 protein has low homology between mouse and rat CXCL1 protein.
After translation, the synthesized CXCL1 precursor is 107aa long. A signal peptide is removed from its N-terminus, which shortens the precursor to 73aa. Two other amino acids can also be removed from the C-terminus. In addition, two disulfide bridges are formed from all four cysteine residues in CXCL1. The disulfide bridges give the appropriate structure to CXCL1, which determines the properties of this chemokine. After secretion, CXCL1 undergoes further proteolytic processing, which regulates the activity of this chemokine. From the N-terminus, three, four or five amino acids are removed, which produce CXCL1(4-73), CXCL1(5-73), and CXCL1(6-73), respectively. This increases CXCL1 activity 30 times, as measured by its ability to induce the chemotaxis of treated cells. To date, three CXCL1 receptors have been discovered-CXCR1, CXCR2 and atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1). Through NF-κB activation, CXCL1 expression is increased by cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17. CXCL1 can associate into bioactive dimers and primarily signals through CXCR2/IL-8 RB^[1].
After CXCL1 expression is induced by carcinogens, it participates in inflammatory responses by recruiting neutrophils. This leads to chronic inflammation. In addition to increasing proliferation, CXCL1 also induces cancer cell migration, particularly EMT. Produced by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), CXCL1 enables tumor cell migration into the lymphatic vessels during lymphangiogenesis, leading to lymph node metastasis. CXCL1 is a chemotactic factor for neutrophils. Additionally, it causes the mobilization of these cells from the bone marrow. CXCL1 can also induce recruitment of regulatory T cells (Treg) and MSCs into the tumor niche. Another no-less-important property of CXCL1 is its ability to induce angiogenesis^[1].

Recombinant human CXCL1 (0, 1, 5, and 10 ng/mL; 6-24 h) promotes IL-6 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and triggers the transcriptional activities of c-Jun in human primary synovial fibroblasts^[2].
Recombinant human CXCL1 (50 and 100 ng/mL; 16 h) significantly induces HUVEC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner^[3].

The ED₅₀ is <100 ng/mL as measured by CHO-K1/Gα15/hCXCR2 cells (human Gα15 and human CXCR2 stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells).

Human

E. coli

Tag Free

P09341 (A35-N107)

2919  [NCBI]

ASVATELRCQCLQTLQGIHPKNIQSVNVKSPGPHCAQTEVIATLKNGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNSDKSN

Approximately 7.8 kDa

Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lyophilized powder.

Lyophilized after extensive dialysis against PBS.

<0.2 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH₂O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Stored at -20°C for 2 years. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

• [1]. Dhawan P, et al. Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma. J Leukoc Biol. 2002 Jul;72(1):9-18.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Haskill S, et al. Identification of three related human GRO genes encoding cytokine functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7732-6.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Moser B, et al. Neutrophil-activating properties of the melanoma growth-stimulatory activity. J Exp Med. 1990 May 1;171(5):1797-802.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Vries MH, et al. CXCL1 promotes arteriogenesis through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the peri-collateral space. Angiogenesis. 2015 Apr;18(2):163-71.  [Content Brief]