2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N5060
    Estragole
    		Inhibitor 99.21%
    Estragole (4-Allylanisole) is a relatively nontoxic volatile terpenoid ether and major component of the essential oil from many plants. Estragole significantly triggers Apoptosis, suppresses LPS-induced intracellular ROS production. Estragole activats Nrf-2 and regulates NF-κB. Estragole has anti-toxoplasma, anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Estragole blocks DRG neuron excitability. Estragole has improves gastric ulcer activity.
    Estragole
  • HY-W762011
    BDE 47
    		Inducer 98.37%
    BDE 47 targets mitochondria, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis in embryonic cell. BDE 47 induces the generation of ROS, and activates the JNK signaling pathway. BDE 47 exhibits embryonic developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
    BDE 47
  • HY-W014423S4
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.63%
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate is the deuterium labeled L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate (HY-W014423). L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is an endogenous metabolite. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, regulate the absorption of zinc, copper and iron, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    L-Histidine-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-N6850
    Calenduloside E
    		99.07%
    Calenduloside E is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin that can be extracted from the bark and roots of Aralia ovata, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Calenduloside E alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization, improves mitochondrial function by regulating the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway, and alleviates acute liver injury. In addition, Calenduloside E promotes the interaction between L-type calcium channels and Bcl-2 related apoptosis genes, inhibits calcium overload, and alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Calenduloside E also improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating heat shock-dependent pathways, and inhibits ROS mediated JAK1-STAT3 pathways to reduce cellular inflammatory responses.
    Calenduloside E
  • HY-N0911
    Rehmannioside A
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Rehmannioside A is a compound that can be isolated from Rehmanniae radix. Rehmannioside A is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, 2C9 and 2D6, with IC50 values of 10.08, 12.62 and 16.43 μM, respectively. Rehmannioside A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, anti-ferroptosis, cognitive improvement and neuroprotective activities. Rehmannioside A can be used for the research of nervous system and inflammation-related diseases.
    Rehmannioside A
  • HY-B0093A
    Benazepril hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Benazepril (CGS14824A) hydrochloride is an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to reduce angiotensin-II production. Benazepril hydrochloride inhibits oxidative stress and inhibits apoptosis by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, Benazepril hydrochloride improves diabetic nephropathy and decreases proteinuria. Benazepril hydrochloride can be used in the study of hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy.
    Benazepril hydrochloride
  • HY-A0169A
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride
    		Activator 98.98%
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is an agent used as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methyl aminolevulinate is a proagent that can be metabolized to Protoporphyrin IX.
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride
  • HY-154921
    Lactosylceramide (bovine buttermilk)
    		98.0%
    Lactosylceramide (bovine buttermilk) (LacCer (bovine buttermilk)) is a sphingolipid that highly expressed on the plasma membranes of human phagocytes. Lactosylceramide mediates phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and superoxide generation.
    Lactosylceramide (bovine buttermilk)
  • HY-N2132
    Flavokawain B
    		Activator 99.99%
    Flavokawain B (Flavokavain B) is an orally active chalcone. Flavokawain B results in activation of caspase-9, -3 and -8, cleavage of PARP. Flavokawain B down-regulates Bcl-2 with concomitant increase in Bax level. Flavokawain B inhibits NF-κB, PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway. Flavokawain B exhibits Apoptotic effects. Flavokawain B inhibits MMP-9 and promotes ROS generation. Flavokawain B inhibits multiple tumors and inflammation.
    Flavokawain B
  • HY-N7719
    Oosporein
    		Inducer 99.16%
    Oosporein is a microbial metabolite and a red crystalline toxin produced by various fungi. Oosporein can promote the reproduction of fungi in host bodies by inhibiting insect immunity, and possesses multiple activities such as antibacterial, antiviral (HSV), and insecticidal effects. Oosporein can inhibit plant growth. In addition, Oosporein can also induce apoptosis, cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage. Oosporein has certain antitumor activity.
    Oosporein
  • HY-W020772
    Aminoguanidine hemisulfate
    		Inhibitor 99.0%
    Aminoguanidine hemisulfate is an inhibitor of NOS and ROS. Aminoguanidine hemisulfate abolishes ANE-induced ROS production in vitro. Aminoguanidine hemisulfate is used for cancer research.
    Aminoguanidine hemisulfate
  • HY-111806
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone
    		Inhibitor 99.44%
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone (5-Deoxykampferol) is a flavonoid compound that can be isolated from the stems of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana. 3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone has the effect of cleaving DNA in the presence of copper ions. 3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and can scavenge various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone
  • HY-129115
    S1QEL1.1
    		99.9%
    S1QEL1.1 is a small molecule inhibitor that specifically inhibits the generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at the IQ site during reverse electron transfer in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (Complex I), with an IC50 of 0.07 μM. S1QEL1.1 can significantly reduce the activation of cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase) triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. S1QEL1.1 helps to decrease excessive proliferation of stem cells by inhibiting the Reactive Oxygen Species signaling pathway initiated by endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    S1QEL1.1
  • HY-108551
    MG-262
    		Inducer
    MG-262 (Z-Leu-Leu-LeuB(OH)2; ZL3B) is a reversible proteasome inhibitor. MG-262 down-regulates VEGF receptor Flt-1. MG-262 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in malignant cells. MG-262 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). MG-262 can be used for anti-cancer study.
    MG-262
  • HY-W013507
    (rac)-Methyl jasmonate
    		Inducer 99.28%
    (rac)-Methyl jasmonate is the racemate of Methyl jasmonate (HY-135663). Methyl jasmonate is a phytohormone that regulates the defense response of plants under biotic and biotic stress through jasmonate signaling pathway. Methyl jasmonate inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Methyl jasmonate can promote the mitochondrial ROS production, but also scavenges free radicals and reduces the oxidative stress. Methyl jasmonate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive and sedative activities.
    (rac)-Methyl jasmonate
  • HY-13619
    Efaproxiral
    		Modulator 99.94%
    Efaproxiral is a haemoglobin (Hb) synthetic allosteric modifier, decreases Hb-oxygen (O2) binding affinity and enhances oxygenation of hypoxic tumours during radiation therapy .
    Efaproxiral
  • HY-B0739A
    Citicoline sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.60%
    Citicoline sodium is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline sodium inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline sodium can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study.
    Citicoline sodium
  • HY-N6884
    Bixin
    		Inhibitor 99.53%
    Bixin is an orally active carotenoid found in the seeds of Bixa orellana. Bixin induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Bixin possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
    Bixin
  • HY-121192
    Capillarisin
    		Inhibitor 99.27%
    Capillarisin, as a constituent from Artemisiae Capillaris herba, is found to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Capillarisin can be used for the research of asthma-mediated complications and can be a potential neuroprotectant against bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity.
    Capillarisin
  • HY-B0314
    Talc
    		Inducer
    Talc, a naturally occurring mineral composed primarily of magnesium, silicon and oxygen, is used in many cosmetics, from baby powder to blush.
    Talc
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity