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  4. Diethyl maleate

Diethyl maleate  (Synonyms: Maleic acid diethyl ester)

Cat. No.: HY-Y1147 Purity: 98.66%
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COA
Handling Instructions Technical Support

Diethyl maleate (DEM) is an orally available, effective glutathione (GSH) depletor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Diethyl maleate covalently binds irreversibly to GSH via glutathione S-transferase with an in vitro IC50 of 0.1-0.5 mM. Diethyl maleate selectively depletes GSH in liver, lung, and brain tissues, exacerbating oxidative stress and enhancing hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Diethyl maleate promotes precursor amino acid uptake and in turn promotes GSH synthesis by upregulating the activity of the cystine-glutamate transporter XO-. Diethyl maleate can be used to study redox homeostasis and GSH protection mechanisms in oxidative stress-related diseases such as hyperbaric oxygen injury and metabolic diseases[1][2][3].

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Diethyl maleate Chemical Structure

Diethyl maleate Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 141-05-9

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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Diethyl maleate Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Diethyl maleate

  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Diethyl maleate (DEM) is an orally available, effective glutathione (GSH) depletor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Diethyl maleate covalently binds irreversibly to GSH via glutathione S-transferase with an in vitro IC50 of 0.1-0.5 mM. Diethyl maleate selectively depletes GSH in liver, lung, and brain tissues, exacerbating oxidative stress and enhancing hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Diethyl maleate promotes precursor amino acid uptake and in turn promotes GSH synthesis by upregulating the activity of the cystine-glutamate transporter XO-. Diethyl maleate can be used to study redox homeostasis and GSH protection mechanisms in oxidative stress-related diseases such as hyperbaric oxygen injury and metabolic diseases[1][2][3].

In Vitro

Diethyl maleate (0.025-0.1 mM; 24 h) increased glutathione (GSH) levels by 218% and enhanced cystine/glutamate uptake in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells via the sodium-independent transporter Xc-[3].
Diethyl maleate (0.025 mM; 24 h) upregulated GSH synthesis via a protein/RNA-dependent mechanism, with the strongest stimulation at 80% oxygen tension3].
Diethyl maleate (0.025 mM; 10 min) increased cystine/glutamate uptake in endothelial cells by 723% and 345%, respectively[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Diethyl maleate Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Diethyl maleate (4.6 mmol/kg; ip; single; 2 h) reduced lung/brain tissue glutathione (GSH) by 82%/45% in Sprague-Dawley rats and shortened the time to convulsion/death after hyperbaric oxygen exposure[2].
Diethyl maleate (4.6 mmol/kg; ip; single; 24 h) did not enhance hyperoxic toxicity after tissue GSH levels were restored[2]. Diethyl maleate (4.6 mmol/kg; ip; single + equimolar GSH supplementation 90 min later) reversed GSH depletion and restored survival time in hyperoxia-exposed rats[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Molecular Weight

172.18

Formula

C8H12O4
CAS No.
Appearance

Liquid (Density: 1.0690 g/cm3)

Color

Colorless to light yellow

SMILES

O=C(OCC)/C=C\C(OCC)=O
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Pure form -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

Ethanol : ≥ 100 mg/mL (580.79 mM)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (580.79 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.8079 mL 29.0394 mL 58.0788 mL
5 mM 1.1616 mL 5.8079 mL 11.6158 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 9.09 mg/mL (52.79 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 9.09 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (90.9 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
% 
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 98.66%

SDS (393 KB)

COA (246 KB) HNMR (108 KB) GC (183 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
Ethanol / DMSO 1 mM 5.8079 mL 29.0394 mL 58.0788 mL 145.1969 mL
5 mM 1.1616 mL 5.8079 mL 11.6158 mL 29.0394 mL
10 mM 0.5808 mL 2.9039 mL 5.8079 mL 14.5197 mL
15 mM 0.3872 mL 1.9360 mL 3.8719 mL 9.6798 mL
20 mM 0.2904 mL 1.4520 mL 2.9039 mL 7.2598 mL
25 mM 0.2323 mL 1.1616 mL 2.3232 mL 5.8079 mL
30 mM 0.1936 mL 0.9680 mL 1.9360 mL 4.8399 mL
40 mM 0.1452 mL 0.7260 mL 1.4520 mL 3.6299 mL
50 mM 0.1162 mL 0.5808 mL 1.1616 mL 2.9039 mL
60 mM 0.0968 mL 0.4840 mL 0.9680 mL 2.4199 mL
80 mM 0.0726 mL 0.3630 mL 0.7260 mL 1.8150 mL
100 mM 0.0581 mL 0.2904 mL 0.5808 mL 1.4520 mL
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Diethyl maleate Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Diethyl141-05-9Maleic acid diethyl esterBiochemical Assay Reagentsthiol-reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compoundglutathioneGSHInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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