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  4. Phthalic acid

Phthalic acid is the final common metabolite of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Phthalic acid can be used for the synthesis of synthetic agents, such as isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA). Phthalic acid has applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers. Phthalic acid exhibits mutagenic effect and causes genetic damage in mammalian germ cells.

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Phthalic acid Chemical Structure

Phthalic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 88-99-3

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Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Phthalic acid:

Phthalic acid Related Antibodies

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Description

Phthalic acid is the final common metabolite of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Phthalic acid can be used for the synthesis of synthetic agents, such as isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA). Phthalic acid has applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers. Phthalic acid exhibits mutagenic effect and causes genetic damage in mammalian germ cells[1][2][3].

IC50 & Target

IC50: metabolite of PAEs[1]
In Vitro

Phthalic acid mimics the effects of estradiol (IC50=89 nM, Ki=66 nM), modulates the release of PGE2, and enhances intracellular cAMP concentrations in WISH cells[2].
Phthalic acid (1 mM, 5-15 days) releases ROS, increases the levels of MDA and H2O2, causes cell damage, leading to plants inhibition during apple replant[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Phthalic acid Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Phthalic acid (40-300 mg/kg, ip) induces dominant lethal mutations in meiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis (40-80 mg/kg, ip, once a day for 5 days), increases the incidence of sperm head abnormalities (50-300 mg/kg, ip, single dose) in mouse models[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Swiss albino mouse models[3]
Dosage: 40-80 mg/kg, or 50-300 mg/kg
Administration: ip, once a day for 5 days or ip, single dose
Result: Decreased the number of pregnant females, increased the number of dead implants per female. Caused sperm head abnormalities.
Molecular Weight

166.13

Formula

C8H6O4
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

OC(C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O)=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (601.93 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 6.0193 mL 30.0965 mL 60.1931 mL
5 mM 1.2039 mL 6.0193 mL 12.0386 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.05 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.05 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
% 
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.92%

SDS (393 KB)

COA (254 KB) HNMR (115 KB) RP-HPLC (248 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 6.0193 mL 30.0965 mL 60.1931 mL 150.4827 mL
5 mM 1.2039 mL 6.0193 mL 12.0386 mL 30.0965 mL
10 mM 0.6019 mL 3.0097 mL 6.0193 mL 15.0483 mL
15 mM 0.4013 mL 2.0064 mL 4.0129 mL 10.0322 mL
20 mM 0.3010 mL 1.5048 mL 3.0097 mL 7.5241 mL
25 mM 0.2408 mL 1.2039 mL 2.4077 mL 6.0193 mL
30 mM 0.2006 mL 1.0032 mL 2.0064 mL 5.0161 mL
40 mM 0.1505 mL 0.7524 mL 1.5048 mL 3.7621 mL
50 mM 0.1204 mL 0.6019 mL 1.2039 mL 3.0097 mL
60 mM 0.1003 mL 0.5016 mL 1.0032 mL 2.5080 mL
80 mM 0.0752 mL 0.3762 mL 0.7524 mL 1.8810 mL
100 mM 0.0602 mL 0.3010 mL 0.6019 mL 1.5048 mL
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Phthalic acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Phthalic acid88-99-3Biochemical Assay ReagentsReactive Oxygen SpeciesEstrogen Receptor/ERRPAPhthalatesmetabolitePlasticizerInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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