2. Anti-infection Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
  3. Parasite Antifolate
  4. Proguanil

Proguanil, an antimalarial proagent, is metabolized to the active metabolite Cycloguanil (HY-12784). Proguanil is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Proguanil Chemical Structure

Proguanil Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 500-92-5

Size Price Stock Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
 USD 73 In-stock
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO USD 73 In-stock
Solid
5 mg USD 42 In-stock
10 mg USD 66 In-stock
25 mg USD 145 In-stock
50 mg USD 238 In-stock
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Proguanil:

Proguanil Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Proguanil

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Amebae Coccidia Leishmania Mite Plasmodium Toxoplasma Trypanosoma Schistosome

  • Biological Activity

  • Protocol

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Proguanil, an antimalarial proagent, is metabolized to the active metabolite Cycloguanil (HY-12784). Proguanil is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor[1][2].

IC50 & Target

Plasmodium

 

In Vitro

Proguanil per se has only weak antimalarial activity in vitro (IC50=2.4-19 μM), and its effectiveness depends on the active metabolite Cycloguanil (IC50=0.5-2.5 nM). The Cycloguanil is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. The combination of Atovaquone and Proguanil is synergistic in vitro. Both drugs also have activity against gametocytes and pre-erythrocytic (hepatic) stages of malaria parasites[1].
Proguanil acts as a biguanide rather than as its metabolite Cycloguanil (a parasite dihydrofolate reductase [DHFR] inhibitor) to enhance the Atovaquone effect. Proguanil-mediated enhancement is specific for Atovaquone, since the effects of other mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors, such as Myxothiazole and Antimycin, are not altered by inclusion of Proguanil[2].
5-HT3 receptor responses are reversibly inhibited by Proguanil, the metabolite 4-chlorophenyl-1-biguanide (CPB) and the active metabolite Cycloguanil (CG), with an IC50 of 1.81, 1.48 and 4.36 μM, respectively[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Proguanil Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Proguanil (p.o.; 2.9 mg/kg body weight; daily for 5 days and 6 weeks respectively) shows mild degenerative changes for five days, while shows severe degenerative changes for six weeks in wistar strain albino rats[4].
Serum testosterone level is significantly decreased for proguanil treatment rats[4].
Administration of Malarone (atovaquone and proguanil) to experimentally B. gibsoni infected two dogs in chronic stage and three dogs in acute stage results in decrease in parasitemia, and clinical improvements are observed[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

253.73

Formula

C11H16ClN5
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

N=C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)NC(NC(C)C)=N
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : ≥ 130 mg/mL (512.36 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.9412 mL 19.7060 mL 39.4120 mL
5 mM 0.7882 mL 3.9412 mL 7.8824 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
% 
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.84%

COA (243 KB) LCMS (267 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Cell Assay
[4]

Sertoli cells obtained from sixteen to eighteen day-old-rats are cultured and treated with 0.3 μM to 10 μM of proguanil for 5 days after which Sertoli cell viability and nuclei integrity are determined. Also, the genetic expressions of transferrin and Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are assessed[4].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration
[4]

Rats: Groups of ten to twelve-week-old rats are administered proguanil (2.9 mg/kg body weight) daily for 5 days and 6 weeks respectively. Thereafter, body and reproductive organ weights are taken, sperm parameters are analyzed, while the histology of the testis and epididymis are carried out. Also, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are determined[4].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 3.9412 mL 19.7060 mL 39.4120 mL 98.5299 mL
5 mM 0.7882 mL 3.9412 mL 7.8824 mL 19.7060 mL
10 mM 0.3941 mL 1.9706 mL 3.9412 mL 9.8530 mL
15 mM 0.2627 mL 1.3137 mL 2.6275 mL 6.5687 mL
20 mM 0.1971 mL 0.9853 mL 1.9706 mL 4.9265 mL
25 mM 0.1576 mL 0.7882 mL 1.5765 mL 3.9412 mL
30 mM 0.1314 mL 0.6569 mL 1.3137 mL 3.2843 mL
40 mM 0.0985 mL 0.4926 mL 0.9853 mL 2.4632 mL
50 mM 0.0788 mL 0.3941 mL 0.7882 mL 1.9706 mL
60 mM 0.0657 mL 0.3284 mL 0.6569 mL 1.6422 mL
80 mM 0.0493 mL 0.2463 mL 0.4926 mL 1.2316 mL
100 mM 0.0394 mL 0.1971 mL 0.3941 mL 0.9853 mL
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Proguanil Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Proguanil500-92-5ParasiteAntifolateantimalarialinfectionembryotoxicitytoxicitybiguanidereproductiveInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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