2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P99974
    Nab-Paclitaxel
    		Inducer 99.70%
    Nab-Paclitaxel is an albumin-bound nanoparticle formulation of Paclitaxel (HY-B0015). Nab-Paclitaxel is composed of albumin and the active pharmaceutical ingredient Paclitaxel (Paclitaxel: human albumin=1:9), in which human albumin is used as an excipient to disperse and stabilize particles and carry the main drug. Nab-Paclitaxel was associated with higher response rates and better tolerability, with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. (The product size below only indicate the effective content of Paclitaxel. The actual albumin quality depends on the batch. The ratio of each component in this product is Paclitaxel: albumin = 1:7-1:11.)
    Nab-Paclitaxel
  • HY-13017
    Ivacaftor
    		99.97%
    Ivacaftor (VX-770) is a potent and orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator, targeting G551D-CFTR and F508del-CFTR with EC50s of 100 nM and 25 nM, respectively.
    Ivacaftor
  • HY-12053A
    Vinorelbine ditartrate
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Vinorelbine (ditartrate) is an anti-mitotic agent which inhibits the proliferation of Hela cells with IC50 of 1.25 nM.
    Vinorelbine ditartrate
  • HY-B0117
    Tigecycline
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Tigecycline (GAR-936) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline
  • HY-15486
    Salubrinal
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    Salubrinal is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. Salubrinal acts as a dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (Dusp2) inhibitor and suppresses inflammation in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Salubrinal has antiviral activity against HSV-1 and inhibits dephosphorylation of eIF2α mediated by the HSV-1 protein ICP34.5.
    Salubrinal
  • HY-B0143
    Niacin
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases.
    Niacin
  • HY-10453
    Ixazomib
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Ixazomib (MLN2238) is a selective, potent, and reversible proteasome inhibitor, which inhibits the chymotrypsin-like proteolytic (β5) site of the 20S proteasome with an IC50 of 3.4 nM (Ki of 0.93 nM).
    Ixazomib
  • HY-12012
    SB 216763
    		Inducer 99.37%
    SB 216763 is potent, selective and ATP-competitive GSK-3 inhibitor with IC50s of 34.3 nM for both GSK-3α and GSK-3β.
    SB 216763
  • HY-13749
    Sitagliptin
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    Sitagliptin
  • HY-50858
    Ruxolitinib phosphate
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Ruxolitinib phosphate (INCB018424 phosphate) is a potent JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, respectively, showing more than 130-fold selectivity over JAK3.
    Ruxolitinib phosphate
  • HY-13820
    GSK2656157
    		Inhibitor 99.66%
    GSK2656157 is a selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) with an IC50 of 0.9 nM.
    GSK2656157
  • HY-10341
    Fasudil Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) Hydrochloride is a nonspecific RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil Hydrochloride is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.
    Fasudil Hydrochloride
  • HY-13757
    Tamoxifen Citrate
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI 46474) is an orally active, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which blocks estrogen action in breast cells and can activate estrogen activity in other cells, such as bone, liver, and uterine cells.Tamoxifen Citrate is a potent Hsp90 activator and enhances the Hsp90 molecular chaperone ATPase activity. Tamoxifen Citrate also potent inhibits infectious EBOV Zaire and Marburg (MARV) with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Tamoxifen Citrate activates autophagy and induces apoptosis. Tamoxifen Citrate also can induce gene knockout of CreER transgenic mouse.
    Tamoxifen Citrate
  • HY-10208
    Pazopanib
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Pazopanib (GW786034) is a novel multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR1/Flt-1, VEGFR2/KDR/Flk-1, VEGFR3/Flt-4, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, FGFR1, and c-Fms with IC50s of 10, 30, 47, 84, 74, 140 and 146 nM, respectively.
    Pazopanib
  • HY-15654
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA sodium) is an inhibitor of HDAC and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, used in cancer and infection research.
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate
  • HY-13901
    GANT 61
    		Inducer 99.66%
    GANT 61 is an inhibitor of Gli1 and Gli2 targeting the Hedgehog/GLI pathway.
    GANT 61
  • HY-10158
    Bosutinib
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Bosutinib is an orally active Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 1.2 nM and 1 nM, respectively.
    Bosutinib
  • HY-N0141
    Parthenolide
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
    Parthenolide
  • HY-17379
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt (CI-981) is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively.
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt
  • HY-50910
    Temsirolimus
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Temsirolimus is an inhibitor of mTOR with an IC50 of 1.76 μM. Temsirolimus activates autophagy and prevents deterioration of cardiac function in animal model.
    Temsirolimus
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.