2. Induced Disease Models Products Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  3. Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Models Proteasome
  4. Diabetes Models
  5. Alloxan hydrate

Alloxan hydrate is a diabetogenic agent to induce diabetes. Alloxan hydrate is a proteasome inhibitor. Alloxan causes diabetes in experimental animals through its ability to destroy the insulin-secreting B-cells of the pancreas.

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Alloxan hydrate Chemical Structure

Alloxan hydrate Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 2244-11-3

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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Alloxan hydrate Related Antibodies

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Description

Alloxan hydrate is a diabetogenic agent to induce diabetes. Alloxan hydrate is a proteasome inhibitor. Alloxan causes diabetes in experimental animals through its ability to destroy the insulin-secreting B-cells of the pancreas[1][2].

In Vitro

Alloxan hydrate inhibits the peptidase activities of the purified 26S and 20S proteasomes[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Alloxan hydrate Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Alloxan hydrate can be used in animal modeling to create diabetes models. Administration of Alloxan hydrate leads to a sharp increase in blood glucose levels in mice, peaking at 45 minutes. Two hours after administration, blood glucose levels decrease to near-hypoglycemic levels, reaching the lowest blood glucose level at 6 hours[3].

Induction of diabetes[3]
Background
Alloxan hydrate induces diabetes by destroying the pancreas that produces insulin and has a toxic effect on β cells.
Specific Mmodeling Methods
Mice: albino NMRI • female • 20-25 g
Administration: 70 mg/kg • i.v.
Note
(1) Alloxan hydrate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid (pH=5) and administered via tail vein injection within 10 minutes after dissolution.
(2) Blood sampling was done through the eye socket, with 25μL and 250μL taken to measure blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, respectively.
(3) Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured using enzyme and immunoassays, respectively. Mice with blood glucose levels reaching or exceeding 200 mg/100 mL are considered diabetic.
Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: Blood sugar levels rise, glycogen in the liver decreases, and insulin levels increase during hypoglycemia.
Correlated Product(s): Streptozotocin (HY-13753)
Opposite Product(s): /

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Molecular Weight

160.08

Formula

C4H4N2O5
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to yellow

SMILES

O=C(C(O)=N1)C(O)=NC1=O.O
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (624.69 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (624.69 mM)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 6.2469 mL 31.2344 mL 62.4688 mL
5 mM 1.2494 mL 6.2469 mL 12.4938 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.62 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.62 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 6.2469 mL 31.2344 mL 62.4688 mL 156.1719 mL
5 mM 1.2494 mL 6.2469 mL 12.4938 mL 31.2344 mL
10 mM 0.6247 mL 3.1234 mL 6.2469 mL 15.6172 mL
15 mM 0.4165 mL 2.0823 mL 4.1646 mL 10.4115 mL
20 mM 0.3123 mL 1.5617 mL 3.1234 mL 7.8086 mL
25 mM 0.2499 mL 1.2494 mL 2.4988 mL 6.2469 mL
30 mM 0.2082 mL 1.0411 mL 2.0823 mL 5.2057 mL
40 mM 0.1562 mL 0.7809 mL 1.5617 mL 3.9043 mL
50 mM 0.1249 mL 0.6247 mL 1.2494 mL 3.1234 mL
60 mM 0.1041 mL 0.5206 mL 1.0411 mL 2.6029 mL
80 mM 0.0781 mL 0.3904 mL 0.7809 mL 1.9521 mL
100 mM 0.0625 mL 0.3123 mL 0.6247 mL 1.5617 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Alloxan hydrate Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Alloxan2244-11-3Proteasome26S20S proteasomesdiabetogenic agentdiabetesinsulinB cellsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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