GLUL - glutamate-ammonia ligase Gene

Homo sapiens

Also known as GS; GLNS; PIG43; PIG59

Gene ID: 2752 | Gene type: protein coding

About GLUL

Cytogenetic location: 1q25.3 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 1:182,378,098-182,391,790 (from NCBI)

This gene has 13 transcripts (splice variants), 297 orthologues, 1 paralogue and is associated with 3 phenotypes. Ubiquitous expression in fat (RPKM 227.2), brain (RPKM 128.5) and 24 other tissues.

Summary

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several Amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver Cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

GLUL Products(3)

mRNA	Protein	Name
NM_001033044.4	NP_001028216.1	glutamine synthetase
NM_001033056.4	NP_001028228.1	glutamine synthetase
NM_002065.7	NP_002056.2	glutamine synthetase

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function
Biological Process
Cellular Component

Molecular Function GO Annotation	Evidence	Reference	Source
enables glutamine synthetase activity	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
enables identical protein binding	IPI IPI: Inferred from physical interaction	16189514	GOA
enables protein binding	IPI IPI: Inferred from physical interaction	21994455	GOA
enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA

Biological Process GO Annotation	Evidence	Reference	Source
involved in cell population proliferation	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	18662667	GOA
involved in protein palmitoylation	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in regulation of endothelial cell migration	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	IMP IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype	26711351	GOA
involved in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in ribosome biogenesis	IMP IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype	26711351	GOA

Cellular Component GO Annotation	Evidence	Reference	Source
located in cytosol	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
located in plasma membrane	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA

EXP: Inferred from Experiment IDA: Inferred from direct assay IPI: Inferred from physical interaction IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype IGI: Inferred from genetic interaction IEP: Inferred from expression pattern

GLUL Protein Structure

Gln-synt_N

Gln-synt_C

0
100
200
300
373 a.a.

Protein Preferred Names

Protein Names

glutamine synthetase

cell proliferation-inducing protein 59

GLUL Protein-protein interaction Information

Type Cross Intra	Protein Name	Protein ID	Interactor	Interactor Species	Interactor ID	Detection Method	Reference
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Pooling	16189514
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Pooling	19447967
Intra	GLUL	P15104	TCHP	Homo sapiens	Q9BT92	Anti Tag CoIP	33961781
Intra	GLUL	P15104	NUDT18	Homo sapiens	Q6ZVK8	Y2H Pooling	16189514
Intra	GLUL	P15104	TCHP	Homo sapiens	Q9BT92	Anti Tag CoIP	28514442
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H	21988832
Intra	GLUL	P15104	DMXL2	Homo sapiens	Q8TDJ6	Anti Tag CoIP	33961781
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	31515488
Intra	GLUL	P15104	DMXL2	Homo sapiens	Q8TDJ6	Anti Tag CoIP	28514442
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	25416956
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	25502805
Intra	GLUL	P15104	PB2	Influenza A virus	B4URF7	BiFC	21994455

Cross: Cross-species interaction Intra: Intraspecies interaction

Recombinant GLUL Proteins

Cat. No.	Product Name	Accession	Purity
HY-P70294	Glutamine synthetase/GLUL Protein, Human (His)	P15104 (T2-N373)	≥95%

Related Diseases

Diseases

Alias

Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital

Congenital Brain Dysgenesis Due To Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency	Glutamine Synthase Deficiency, Congenital Systemic
Congenital Glutamine Deficiency	Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency, Congenital Systemic
Inherited Gs Deficiency	Inherited Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency
Congenital Systemic Glutamine Deficiency	CSGD

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Liver Cancer	Primary Liver Cancer
HCC	Hepatoma
Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver	Liver Neoplasms
Cancer, Hepatocellular	Liver Cell Carcinoma
Lcc	Hepatoblastoma, Somatic
Hepatic Cancer	Primary Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver
Rare Tumor Of Liver And Intrahepatic Biliary Tract	Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Somatic
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Childhood Type, Somatic	Hepatocellular Cancer, Somatic
Ca Liver - Primary	Hepatic Neoplasm
Malignant Hepato-Biliary Neoplasm	Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver, Not Specified As Primary Or Secondary
Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver, Primary	Malignant Tumor Of Liver
Neoplasm Of Liver	Non-Resectable Primary Hepatic Malignant Neoplasm
Resectable Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver	Resectable Malignant Neoplasm Of The Liver
Primary Liver Carcinoma	Primary Malignant Liver Neoplasm
Primary Cancer Of Liver	Primary Tumor Of The Liver
Rare Tumor Of Liver And Ibt	Hepatocellular Cancer
Neoplasm Of The Liver	Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Hepatomas	Liver Neoplasm
Liver Carcinoma	Liver And Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma
Malignant Hepatobiliary Neoplasm	Adult Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatoblastoma	Carcinoma Of Liver
Malignant Liver Tumour	Malignant Hepatic Tumour

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy, Hepatic	Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy
Hepatoencephalopathy	He - [Hepatic Encephalopathy]
Hepatic Encephalopathy Nos	Hepatic Encephalopathy, Stage Unspecified
Hepatic Coma	Hepatocerebral Encephalopathy
Hepatocerebral Intoxication

Hepatocellular Adenoma

Adenoma Hepatocellular

Brain Edema

Cerebral Edema	Intracranial Swelling
Wet Brain

Liver Benign Neoplasm

Epithelial Hepatic And Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm

Reye Syndrome

Reye'S Syndrome	Rasmussen Encephalitis
Fatty Liver With Encephalopathy	Rasmussen'S Encephalitis
Re	Rs
Rasmussen Syndrome	Liver Fatty Metamorphosis--Acute Encephalopathy Syndrome
Reye Encephalopathy

Retinal Detachment

Retinal Detachments	Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Ruptured Retina With Detachment	Retinal Hole With Detachment

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe

Epilepsy Temporal Lobe

Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency

5-Oxoprolinuria	Pyroglutamic Aciduria
Pyroglutamicaciduria	Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency With 5-Oxoprolinuria
GSSD	Oxoprolinase Deficiency
5-Oxoprolinemia	Deficiency Of Glutathione Synthase
Deficiency Of Glutathione Synthetase	Pyroglutamic Acidemia
GSS DEFICIENCY	Gluthathione Synthetase Deficiency
5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency

Oligodendroglioma

Oligodendroglial Neoplasm	Oligodendroglial Tumor
Oligodendroglial Tumors	Well Differentiated Oligodendroglioma

Preretinal Fibrosis

Cellophane Maculopathy	Macular Puckering Of Retina
Macular Retinal Puckering	Epiretinal Membrane

Vitreoretinopathy, Neovascular Inflammatory

Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy	Adniv
Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy	VRNI
Pvr	Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy
Vitreoretinopathy, Neovascular Inflammatory, Autosomal Dominant	Retinitis Proliferans
Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy Autosomal Dominant	Vitreoretinopathy Proliferative
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative	Proliferative Vitreo-Retinopathy

Peliosis Hepatis

Hepatic Peliosis	Telangiectasis Of Liver
Angiomatosis Of Liver	Ph - [Peliosis Hepatis]
Hepatic Angiomatosis

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatic Coma

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatocerebral Intoxication

Hyperinsulinism

Hyperinsulinemia

Fibrolamellar Carcinoma

Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Fhcc
Fibrolamellar Hepatocarcinoma	Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fibrolamellar
Oncocytic Hepatocellular Tumor	Eosinophilic Glassy Cell Hepatoma
Eosinophilic Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Lamellar Fibrosis	Fl-Hcc
Fibrolamellar Oncocytic Hepatoma	Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Increased Stromal Fibrosis
Polygonal Cell Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Fibrous Stroma

Epilepsy

Epilepsy Syndrome	Epileptic Syndrome
Epilepsies	Symptomatic Epilepsies
Post Traumatic Epilepsy	Traumatic Epilepsy
Traumatic Epileptic	Epilepsy Due To Hippocampal Sclerosis
Epilepsy With Ammon'S Horn Sclerosis	Epilepsy Due To Cortical Dysplasia
Epilepsy Due To Neuronal Migration Disorders

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	ALS
Lou Gehrig Disease	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Type 1
Charcot Disease	ALS1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Susceptibility To	Fals
Lou Gehrig'S Disease	Mnd
Motor Neuron Disease	Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, Familial	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, Autosomal Dominant
Motor Neuron Disease, Bulbar	Motor Neurone Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With Dementia	Dementia With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Motor Neuron Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	Sclerosis, Lateral, Amyotrophic
Sclerosis, Lateral, Amyotrophic, Type 1	Amyotrophic Sclerosis
Als - [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]	Wasting Palsy
Amyotrophic Paralysis	Amyotrophy Lateral Sclerosis
Wasting Paralysis	Spinal Progressive Amyotrophy
Progressive Atrophic Paralysis

Schizophrenia

SCZD	Schizophrenia With Or Without An Affective Disorder
Schizophrenia 12	Schizophrenia, Susceptibility To
Schizophrenia-1	Dementia Praecox
Schizophrenia 1

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 1

Tuberculosis	Tuberculoma
Tuberculosis, Susceptibility To	Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Susceptibility To, 1
Mtbs1	TB

Alzheimer Disease, Familial, 1

Alzheimer Disease	Alzheimer'S Disease
Presenile And Senile Dementia	AD1
Alzheimer Disease, Susceptibility To	Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset, Susceptibility To
Alzheimer Disease 1, Familial	AD
Familial Alzheimer Disease	Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset
Alzheimers Dementia	Alzheimer Dementia
Alzheimer Sclerosis	Alzheimer Syndrome
Alzheimer-Type Dementia	Dat
Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia	Sdat
Alzheimer Disease 1	Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease
Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy	Late Onset Alzheimer Disease
Alzheimers Disease	Alzheimer Disease, Early-Onset, With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease	Alzheimer'S Disease Pathway Kegg
Dementia Due To Alzheimer'S Disease	Alzheimer Disease Type 1
Alzheimers

Myopathy

Muscular Diseases

Myopathies

Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Adult Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Adult Hepatoma
Adult Hcc

Parkinson Disease, Late-Onset

Parkinson Disease	Parkinson'S Disease
PD	PARK
Parkinson Disease, Susceptibility To	Late Onset Parkinson'S Disease
Late Onset Parkinson Disease	Paralysis Agitans
Primary Parkinsonism	Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
Parkinson'S	Parkinson Disease, Late-Onset, Susceptibility To
Parkinson Disease, Age Of Onset, Modifier	Lewy Body Parkinson Disease
Idiopathic Parkinson'S Disease	Pd - [Parkinson Disease]
Parkinson Disease Nos	Parkinson, Nos
Primary Parkinson Disease

Nervous System Disease

Abnormality Of The Nervous System	Nervous System Diseases
Nervous System Disorder

Retinitis Pigmentosa

RP	Rod-Cone Dystrophy
Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa	Non-Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa
Pericentral Pigmentary Retinopathy	Pigmentary Retinopathy
Tapetoretinal Degeneration	Rcd
Retinitis Pigmentosa Autosomal Recessive	ARRP
Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Recessive	Retinitis Pigmentosa 1

Fundus Dystrophy

Retinal Dystrophy	Retinal Dystrophies
Dystrophy, Retinal

Diseases	Alias
Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia	Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia Of Waldenstrom Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma With Igm Gammopathy Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia Of Waldenstrom Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma With Igm Gammopathy Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma

Related Agents

Pre-clinical Phase

Bioactive Molecules (1)

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity	Rare Diseases
HY-RS05509	GLUL Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A	Pre-designed Sets	/	Unkown

Orthologs Information

Species	Symbol	Source	ID
Rattus norvegicus	GLUL	RGD	RGD:2710
Mus musculus	GLUL	MGD	MGI:95739
Felis catus	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:97445
Canis familiaris	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:103678
Macaca mulatta	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:99962
Bos taurus	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:29426
Others	GLUL	NCBI