2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0239
    Chloramphenicol
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Chloramphenicol
  • HY-18258
    Berberine chloride
    		Modulator 99.92%
    Berberine chloride is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine chloride
  • HY-101491
    SR-18292
    		99.87%
    SR-18292 is a PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) inhibitor, which increases PGC-1α acetylation, suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and reduces glucose production in hepatocytes.
    SR-18292
  • HY-15202
    Binimetinib
    		Inhibitor 99.28%
    Binimetinib (MEK162) is an oral and selective MEK1/2 inhibitor. Binimetinib (MEK162) inhibits MEK with an IC50 of 12 nM.
    Binimetinib
  • HY-16562A
    Irinotecan hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Irinotecan hydrochloride ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor mainly used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer.
    Irinotecan hydrochloride
  • HY-N0003
    Honokiol
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier.
    Honokiol
  • HY-10234
    Saracatinib
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a potent Src family inhibitor with IC50s of 2.7 to 11 nM for c-Src, Lck, c-YES, Lyn, Fyn, Fgr, and Blk. Saracatinib shows high selectivity over other tyrosine kinases.
    Saracatinib
  • HY-Y1269
    Ammonium chloride, AR, 99.5%
    		Inhibitor 99.65%
    Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, AR, 99.5%
  • HY-17538
    ZLN005
    		99.92%
    ZLN005 is a potent activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α).
    ZLN005
  • HY-10005
    Flavopiridol
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) is a broad spectrum and competitive inhibitor of CDKs, inhibiting CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC50s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.
    Flavopiridol
  • HY-N0305
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.61%
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride
  • HY-B1081
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrochloride is an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Oxidopamine hydrochloride is a widely used neurotoxin and selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons. Oxidopamine hydrochloride promotes COX-2 activation, leading to PGE2 synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion. Oxidopamine hydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
  • HY-10585A
    Valproic acid sodium
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Valproic acid (Sodium Valproate) sodium is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid sodium
  • HY-19992
    3-Bromopyruvic acid
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    3-Bromopyruvate (Bromopyruvic acid) is an analogue of pyruvate and a potent hexokinase (HK)-II inhibitor with high tumor selectivity. 3-Bromopyruvate inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis through interfering with glycolysis. 3-Bromopyruvate induces autophagy by stimulating ROS formation in breast cancer cells. Antimicrobial activities.
    3-Bromopyruvic acid
  • HY-13328
    Sapanisertib
    		Inducer 99.66%
    Sapanisertib (INK-128; MLN0128; TAK-228) is an orally available, ATP-dependent mTOR1/2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1 nM for mTOR kinase.
    Sapanisertib
  • HY-14658
    Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Thalidomide inhibits cereblon (CRBN), a part of the cullin-4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4-RBX1-DDB1, with a Kd of ∼250 nM, and has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic cancer properties. Thalidomide can work as molecular glue to potentiate substrate.
    Thalidomide
  • HY-100202
    TPEN
    		Inhibitor 99.69%
    TPEN (TPEDA) is a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator. TPEN has a higher affinity for Zn2+, but a lower affinity for Mg2+ and Ca2+. TPEN induces DNA damage and increases intracellular ROS production. TPEN also inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    TPEN
  • HY-B0284
    Nifedipine
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Nifedipine (BAY-a-1040) is a potent calcium channel blocker and agent of choice for cardiac insufficiencies.
    Nifedipine
  • HY-12075
    LY2109761
    		Inhibitor 99.72%
    LY2109761 is an orally active, selective TGF-β receptor type I/II inhibitor with Kis of 38 nM and 300 nM, respectively.
    LY2109761
  • HY-N0148
    Rutin
    		Inducer 98.09%
    Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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