1. Signaling Pathways
  2. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  3. HDAC

HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P2178
    Dihydrochlamydocin analog-1
    Inhibitor
    Dihydrochlamydocin analog-1 (compound 2) is a Chlamydocin (HY-115761) analogue that inhibits histone H4 peptide deacetylation with IC50 of 30 nM.
    Dihydrochlamydocin analog-1
  • HY-124337
    BG48
    Inhibitor
    BG48 is a potent HDAC inhibitor. BG48 inhibits the enzymatic activity of HDAC1 and HDAC2.
    BG48
  • HY-119316A
    CM-545
    Inhibitor
    (cis)-CM-414, the cis-isomer of CM-414, is a dual inhibitor of PDE5, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC6 with pIC50 values of 7.47, 6.65, 6.14, 6.55, and 6.84, repectively.
    CM-545
  • HY-153358A
    (S)-TNG260
    98.84%
    (S)-TNG260 is an isomer of TNG260 (HY-153358). TNG260 is a CoREST selective deacetylase (CoreDAC) inhibitor. TNG260 inhibits HDAC1 with 10-fold selectivity over HDAC3. TNG260 causes HDAC1 inhibition and reverses anti-PD1 resistance driven by STK11 deletion. TNG260 reduces intratumoral infiltration of neutrophils. TNG260 exhibits immune-mediated cell killing.
    (S)-TNG260
  • HY-B0809S1
    Theophylline-d3
    Activator
    Theophylline-d3 is deuterated labeled Theophylline (HY-B0809). Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-12926
    ST7612AA1
    Inhibitor
    ST7612AA1 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that controls chromatin condensation and DNA transcription by removing acetyl groups from histones. ST7612AA1 is also a potent HIV reactivation inducer, and its reactivation activity is exerted without activating or proliferating CD4+T cells, and can be used in the study of HIV reactivation strategies and elimination of viral reservoirs.
    ST7612AA1
  • HY-172167
    PD-L1/HDAC-IN-1
    Inhibitor
    PD-L1/HDAC-IN-1 (Compound 14) is the inhibitor for PD-L1 and HDAC that inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, HDAC2 and HDAC3 with IC50 of 88.10, 27.98 and 14.47 nM, respectively. PD-L1/HDAC-IN-1 exhibits slight cytotoxicity in MCF-7 (IC50=19.34 μM). PD-L1/HDAC-IN-1 upregulates the expression of PD-L1 and CXCL10, promoting anti-tumour immune response by recruiting T-cell infiltration into TME.
    PD-L1/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-136859
    BATCP
    Inhibitor 99.77%
    BATCP is a HDAC (Histone deacetylases) inhibitor.
    BATCP
  • HY-139122
    Butyrylhydroxamic acid
    Inhibitor
    Butyrylhydroxamic acid (N-Hydroxybutanamide) is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Butyrylhydroxamic acid enhances memory in behavioral models of rodents and can be used as memory enhancers, mood stabilizers, and β-chain hemoglobin disease studies.
    Butyrylhydroxamic acid
  • HY-111028
    J1038
    Inhibitor
    J1038 (T 5979345) is a selective HDAC8 inhibitor. J1038 binds the catalytic zinc ion of Schistosoma mansoni HDAC8 (smHDAC8).
    J1038
  • HY-10221R
    Vorinostat (Standard)
    Inhibitor
    Vorinostat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vorinostat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vorinostat (SAHA) is a potent and orally active pan-inhibitor of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 (Class I), HDAC6 and HDAC7 (Class II) and HDAC11 (Class IV), with ID50 values of 10 nM and 20 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Vorinostat induces cell apoptosis. Vorinostat is also an effective inhibitor of human papillomaviruse (HPV)-18 DNA amplification.
    Vorinostat (Standard)
  • HY-B1505R
    Acefylline (Standard)
    Acefylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acefylline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acefylline, a xanthine derivative, is an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acefylline is a peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activator. Acefylline is also a bronchodilator and cardiac stimulant that inhibits rat lung cAMP phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. Acefylline can be used in asthma research.
    Acefylline (Standard)
  • HY-169923
    HDAC-IN-83
    Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-83 (compound 9D) is an inhibitor of deacetylases (HDACs) (IC50=0.01 μM/0.44 μM HDAC1/HDAC6) with anticancer, antiproliferative and caspase 3/7 activation activities. HDAC-IN-83 inhibits Cal27, HepG2 and MRC-5 with IC50s of 0.693 μM, 0.427 μM and 3.19 μM, respectively.
    HDAC-IN-83
  • HY-169922
    HDAC-IN-82
    Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-82 (Compound 18b) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with selective antiplasmodial and anticancer activity. HDAC-IN-82 shows potent antiproliferative activity and caspase 3/7 activation in cancer cells. HDAC-IN-82 causes hyperacetylation of histone H3 and α-tubulin.
    HDAC-IN-82
  • HY-160845
    HDAC6-IN-39
    Inhibitor
    HDAC6-IN-39 (Compound I-132) is an inhibitor for HDAC6 with IC50 of 0.0096 μM.
    HDAC6-IN-39
  • HY-10585AG
    Valproic acid (sodium) (GMP)
    Inhibitor
    Valproic acid (Sodium Valproate) sodium is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid (sodium) (GMP)
  • HY-160092
    Martinostat
    Inhibitor
    Martinostat is a HDAC inhibitor and can be labeled with radionuclides for quantitative imaging of HDACs in vivo in the central nervous system and major peripheral organs.
    Martinostat
  • HY-164550
    YF438
    Inhibitor
    YF438 is an HDAC inhibitor with effective anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. YF438 inhibits the growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by blocking the interaction between HDAC and MDM2, inducing the dissociation of MDM2-MDMX, and promoting the degradation of MDM2.
    YF438
  • HY-126211
    KBH-A42
    Inhibitor
    KBH-A42 is a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with significant anti-inflammatory properties. KBH-A42 against TNF-α and NO production with IC50 values of 1.10 and 2.71 µM, respectively, in the LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.
    KBH-A42
  • HY-15149S2
    Romidepsin-d7
    Inhibitor
    Romidepsin-d7 (FK 228-d7) is deuterium labeled Romidepsin. Romidepsin (FK 228) is a Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with anti-tumor activities. Romidepsin (FK 228) inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, and HDAC6 with IC50s of 36 nM, 47 nM, 510 nM and 1.4 μM, respectively. Romidepsin (FK 228) is produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, induces cell G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
    Romidepsin-d<sub>7</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC

HDAC1

HDAC2

HDAC3

HDAC4

HDAC5

HDAC6

HDAC7

HDAC8

HDAC9

HDAC10

HDAC11

HD1

HD2

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