2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17007
    Saquinavir
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) is an orally active HIV protease inhibitor that can be used in the research of AIDS. Saquinavir also has anti-inflammatory activity and can induce apoptosis of human red blood cells.
    Saquinavir
  • HY-156376
    Cu(II)-Elesclomol
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Cu(II)-Elesclomol is a complex formed by Elesclomol (HY-12040) and Cu2+ (copper ions). Cu(II)-Elesclomol is also a weak inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I. Cu(II)-Elesclomol exerts anticancer effects by inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage through copper chelation. Cu(II)-Elesclomol can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cu(II)-Elesclomol can be used in the study of cancer.
    Cu(II)-Elesclomol
  • HY-12542
    Dantrolene
    		Inhibitor 98.38%
    Dantrolene is an orally active, non-competitive glutathione reductase inhibitor with a Ki of 111.6 μM and an IC50 of 52.3 μM. Dantrolene is also a calcium channel protein inhibitor. Dantrolene inhibits the release of Ca2+ from RyR1 and RyR3, which can be beneficial in a variety of pathologies caused by disruptions in calcium homeostasis (e.g., stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases). Dantrolene offers relief of muscle spasms, malignant hyperthermia, and antitoxic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Dantrolene
  • HY-101200
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
  • HY-P2755
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism
    		Inducer
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism (XO) is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.
    Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism
  • HY-134124
    Glutathione ethyl ester
    Glutathione ethyl ester is a cell-permeable GSH donor and provides an efficient supply of GSH to the oocyte. Glutathione ethyl ester shows positive effect on the in vitro production of embryos by enhancement of the antioxidative defense.
    Glutathione ethyl ester
  • HY-N0394
    L-Cystine
    		99.84%
    L-Cystine is an orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine
  • HY-B0356A
    Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) monohydrochloride is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.
    Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride
  • HY-111330
    Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein
    		99.91%
    Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein (HPF) is a stable ROS fluorescent probe dye. Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein has stronger specificity and stability than H2DCFDA (HY-D0940). Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein can produce strong green fluorescence through hydroxyl radical reaction with intracellular peroxynitroso. Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein can be applied for fluorescence microscopy, high-throughput imager, luciferase microplate reader or flow cytometry. Ex/Em=490/515 nm.
    Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein
  • HY-N0393
    Glabridin
    		99.98%
    Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities.
    Glabridin
  • HY-100542
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium
  • HY-N0418
    Quercitrin
    		99.82%
    Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research.
    Quercitrin
  • HY-126793
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate
    		98.95%
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) is a cell-permeable fluorescent probe. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate can be used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and for assessing the overall oxidative stress in toxicological phenomenon.
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate
  • HY-N1214
    Squalene
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Squalene (Super Squalene) is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antiatherosclerotic, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitumour activity.
    Squalene
  • HY-18085A
    Quercetin hydrate
    		Inhibitor 98.45%
    Quercetin hydrate, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
    Quercetin hydrate
  • HY-14781
    Levomefolic acid
    		98.55%
    Levomefolic acid (L-5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements.
    Levomefolic acid
  • HY-Y0669
    Pipecolic acid
    		99.92%
    Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine and an immunomodulator, which can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. Pipecolic acid inhibits ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy through the YAP-GPX4 signaling pathway. Pipecolic acid can induce apoptosis in neuronal cells. In addition, Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker for pyridoxin-dependent epilepsy.
    Pipecolic acid
  • HY-B0388
    Probucol
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    Probucol (DH-581) is an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. Probucol activates glutathione peroxidase. Probucol promotes low density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism, inhibits ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux, and decreases HDL-C levels. Probucol also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Probucol can be used for researches on bone, cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, and metabolism-related diseases.
    Probucol
  • HY-N0411
    β-Carotene
    		Modulator 99.01%
    β-Carotene (Provitamin A), a carotenoid compound, is a naturally-occurring vitamin A precursor. β-Carotene is a modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. β-Carotene may serve as an antioxidant or as a prooxidant, depending on its intrinsic properties as well as on the redox potential of the biological environment in which it acts. β-Carotene induces breast cancer cells apoptosis, with anticancer activities.
    β-Carotene
  • HY-77591
    Cysteamine hydrochloride
    		99.30%
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.
    Cysteamine hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity