1-Heptadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine-d₅

Protein serine/threonine kinases (PSKs) are protein kinases that use ATP as a high-energy donor molecule to transfer phosphate groups to serine/threonine residues of target protein. As an important signal transduction regulator, serine/threonine kinases can affect the function of target proteins by disrupting enzyme activity or binding of target proteins to other proteins. Serine/threonine kinases are involved in the regulation of immune response, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other physiological processes. Serine/threonine kinase inhibitors are an important class of compounds that have been widely studied in cancer, chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, aging and other diseases.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1,303 serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, mainly targeting the receptor PKA, Akt, PKC, MAPK/ERK, etc, which is an effective tool for development and research of anti-cancer, anti-chronic inflammatory diseases, anti-autoimmune diseases and anti-aging compounds.

In the research of covalent inhibitors targeting serine and threonine, scientists have found that the nucleophilicity of these hydroxyl groups is significantly enhanced due to the influence of their surrounding environment. This results in higher activity during catalytic reactions. Aspirin, which targets the non-catalytic domain serine (Ser529 in human COX1) of cyclooxygenase, exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through covalent binding. β-lactam antibiotics, which targets the catalytic domain serine of penicillin-binding proteins, interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Through careful selection, we constructed a structural filter containing over 110 electrophilic groups. By analyzing the electrophilic fragments selected by the structural filter, we removed any molecules with trivial or undesirable structural features. Ultimately, we obtained 3,300 fragment molecules which can target serine and threonine residues and can be used for fragment-based covalent drug discovery.

Protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification underlying the regulation of many cellular processes. Phosphatases and kinases contribute to the regulation of protein phosphorylation homeostasis in the cell. This reversible regulation of protein phosphorylation is critical for the proper control of a wide range of cellular activities, including cell cycle, proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, cell-cell interactions, etc.

Protein phosphatases have evolved in separate families that are structurally and mechanistically distinct. Based on substrate specificity and functional diversity, protein phosphatases are classified into two superfamilies: Protein serine/threonine phosphatases and Protein tyrosine phosphatases. Ser/Thr phosphatases are metalloenzymes belonging to two major gene families termed PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) and PPM (metal-dependent protein phosphatases), whereas protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) belong to distinct classes of enzymes that utilize a phospho-cysteine enzyme intermediate as a part of their catalytic action.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 117 phosphatase inhibitors that mainly targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases. MCE Phosphatase Inhibitor Library is a useful tool for phosphatase drug discovery and related research.

A histone modification, a covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins, includes methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation, etc. In general, histone modifications are catalyzed by specific enzymes that act predominantly at the histone N-terminal tails involving amino acids such as lysine or arginine, as well as serine, threonine, tyrosine, etc. The PTMs made to histones can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers. Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as transcriptional activation/inactivation, chromosome packaging, and DNA damage/repair. Deregulation of histone modification contributes to many diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.

MCE owns a unique collection of 621 bioactive compounds targeting Epigenetic Reader Domain, HDAC, Histone Acetyltransferase, Histone Demethylase, Histone Methyltransferase, Sirtuin, etc. Histone Modification Research Compound Library is a useful tool for histone modification research and drug screening.

Small molecule covalent inhibitors, or irreversible inhibitors, are a type of inhibitors that exert their biological functions by irreversibly binding to target through covalent bonds. Compared with non-covalent inhibitors, covalent inhibitors have obvious advantages in bioactivity, such that covalent warheads can target rare residues of a particular target protein, thus leading to the development of highly selective inhibitors and achieving a more complete and continued target occupancy in living systems. In recent years, the distinct strengths of covalent inhibitors in overcoming drug resistance had been recognized. However, toxicity can be a real challenge related to this class of therapeutics due to their potential for off-target reactivity and has led to these drugs being disfavored as a drug class. The drug design and optimization of covalent inhibitors has become a hot spot in drug discovery.

MCE Lead-like Covalent Screening Library offers a valuable resource of 1,049 lead-like compounds with commonly used covalent warheads. These warheads, such as acrylamide, activated terminal alkyne, acyloxymethyl ketone, and boronic acid, are capable of reacting with specific amino acid residues, including cysteine, lysine, serine, and histidine. The inclusion of these reactive warheads in the library allows researchers to explore the potential of covalent inhibition, a powerful approach in drug discovery.

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGF-β superfamily comprises TGF-βs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins and related proteins. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a TGF beta type II receptor. The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD (e.g. SMAD4). R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases, including cancers, some bone diseases, chronic kidney disease, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 249 TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway compounds. TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library acts as a useful tool for TGF-beta/Smad-related drug screening and disease research.

Recently, significant advancements in tyrosine-targeting electrophiles have primarily occurred in the field of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), where cysteine residues are often underrepresented and novel chemistries are needed to address these interfaces. In this context, tyrosines are frequently more accessible compared to more buried binding sites. Moreover, they are commonly found at "hot spots," which are functional epitopes of PPIs, with 12.3% of the residues consisting of tyrosines. This prevalence is likely due to the hydrophobic nature of tyrosine, its ability to participate in aromatic π-interactions, and its capacity for hydrogen bonding. Beyond PPIs, some progress has also been made in covalent tyrosine targeting in other areas where more commonly addressed side chains are lacking. Even though tyrosine has a slightly lower pKa value compared to the protonated lysine side chain (approximately 10 vs. 10.5 for the unprotected amino acid side chains), significantly less progress has been made in the development of tyrosine-targeted covalent ligands compared to lysine. This is likely due to the reduced flexibility of the tyrosine side chain and the greater steric hindrance of its hydroxy group, which makes it more challenging to adopt suitable reaction geometries.

Through careful selection, we constructed a structural filter containing over 110 electrophilic groups. By analyzing the electrophilic fragments selected by the structural filter, we removed any molecules with trivial or undesirable structural features. Ultimately, we obtained 124 fragment molecules which can target tyrosine residue and can be used for fragment-based covalent drug discovery.

Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail I (100× in DMSO) is a blend of 2 phosphatase inhibitors that can effectively inhibit alkaline phosphatases and serine/threonine phosphatases. It is used to maintain the phosphorylation status of proteins.

Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail Ⅲ (100× in DMSO) is a blend of 3 phosphatase inhibitors that can effectively inhibit serine/threonine phosphatases and alkaline phosphatases. It is used to maintain the phosphorylation status of proteins.

O-Glycosidase is highly specific and can release Galβ1-3GalNAc from serine, threonine residues or as part of a glycopeptide or glycoprotein. Applied to glycoprotein biosynthesis analysis, O-glycan bioactive protein O-glycosylation detection and binding site analysis.