Search Result

Results for "

efflux activity

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	5-HT Receptor (2) Antibiotic (6) Bacterial (16) Biochemical Assay Reagents (1) Calcium Channel (1) COX (2) Dopamine Receptor (2) Drug Derivative (2) Endogenous Metabolite (2) Fluorescent Dye (1) Fungal (3) NF-κB (5) NO Synthase (2) P-glycoprotein (7) Parasite (1) Potassium Channel (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (1) TNF Receptor (1) Transmembrane Glycoprotein (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (9) Cardiovascular Disease (1) Infection (23) Inflammation/Immunology (4) Metabolic Disease (3) Neurological Disease (4)

Inhibitors & Agonists

Screening Libraries

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Peptides

Natural
Products

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-Y1777

2-Phenylacetophenone	Drug Derivative	Infection
2-Phenylacetophenone has broad-spectrum efflux pump inhibition activity. 2-Phenylacetophenone is a benzoin derivative used as a photoinitiator in vinyl polymerization .

HY-P10551

Apo A-I mimetic 5A peptide	Transmembrane Glycoprotein NF-κB TNF Receptor	Cardiovascular Disease
Apo A-I mimetic 5A peptide is a synthetic peptide molecule designed based on the structure and function of naturally occurring apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I). Apo A-I mimetic 5A peptide can promote the efflux of cholesterol from cells and help reduce the accumulation of cholesterol in cells. Apo A-I mimetic 5A peptide also shows anti-inflammatory activity and can reduce inflammatory markers in blood and tissues. Apo A-I mimetic 5A peptide can be used in the study of cardiovascular diseases .

HY-P10874

SMR efflux inhibitor	Bacterial	Infection
SMR efflux inhibitor targets the small multidrug resistance (SMR) efflux pump, blocks the interaction of TM4-TM4, and exhibits board-spectrum antibacterial activity .

HY-13766A

Timcodar mesylate VX-853-2	Bacterial	Others
Timcodar mesylate (VX-853-2) and its analog VX-710 are mammalian multidrug-resistant bacterial efflux pump inhibitors that directly inhibit ethidium bromide efflux in Staphylococcus aureus. Timcodar mesylate has the potential to enhance antibiotic activity by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps, effectively reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of some antibiotics against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Streptococcus pneumoniae .

HY-124819

D13-9001	Bacterial	Infection
D13-9001 is a potent AcrB (AcrAB-TolC efflux pump subunit) and MexB (MexAB-OprM efflux pump subunit) inhibitor with the K_D values of 1.15 μM and 3.57 μM in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively . D13-9001 exhibits antibiotic activities .

HY-163454

NorA-IN-2	Bacterial	Infection
NorA-IN-2 (compound DZ-3) is a potent NorA inhibitor. NorA-IN-2 shows NorA efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) activity .

HY-N9947

Methyl-6-gingerol	Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Methyl-6-gingerol is an antimicrobial agent derived from Aframomum melegueta that exhibits anti-mycobacterial activity by inhibiting the efflux of toxins within Mycobacterium species .

HY-N12171

Isoreserpiline	Bacterial	Infection Neurological Disease
Isoreserpiline is an orally active and BBB-penatrable indole alkaloids with antibacterial and antipsychotic activity. Isoreserpiline is even more effective when used in combination with antibiotics and inhibits the activity of bacterial efflux pumps. Isoreserpiline improves Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice .

HY-163473

IITR08367	Bacterial	Infection
IITR08367 is a potent effector pump *Acinetobacter baumannii Fosfomycin Efflux* pump (AbaF)** inhibitor for enhancing the antimicrobial activity of Fosfomycin (HY-B1075A) against *Acinetobacter baumannii. IITR08367 acts by interfering with Fosfomycin/H ⁺ reverse transporter activity*. .

HY-146067

β-Nor-lapachone	Fungal Reactive Oxygen Species	Infection
β-Nor-lapachone is a *Candida glabrata* antibiofilm agent. β-Nor-lapachone can stimulate ROS production, inhibits efflux activity, adhesion, biofilm formation and the metabolism of mature biofilms of Candida glabrata. β-Nor-lapachone has antifungal activity .

HY-B0501

Danofloxacin mesylate CP 76136-27	P-glycoprotein Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Danofloxacin mesylate (CP 76136-27) is a fluoroquinolone used as a veterinary drug. Danofloxacin mesylate has a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity, mainly inhibiting the DNA cycloenzyme of the bacteria. In addition, Danofloxacin mesylate is a substrate for ATP-dependent efflux transporters (P-gp and MRP2) .

HY-14942

Berubicin RTA 744 free base; WP 744 free base; WP 769	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
Berubicin (RTA 744 free base; WP 744) is a 4'-O-benzyldoxorubicin that inhibits P-gp and MRP1-mediated efflux and has anticancer activity. Berubicin inhibits glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and exhibits cytotoxicity. Berubicin has poor bioavailability in mice .

HY-17390A

Loxapine succinate	5-HT Receptor Dopamine Receptor	Infection Neurological Disease
Loxapine succinate is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent. Loxapine can also suppresses bacterial efflux pump activity and inhibit intracellular multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in macrophages .

HY-102008

LBM-415 NVP-PDF 713; VIC-104959	Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
LBM-415 (NVP-PDF 713) is a peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor that exhibits inhibitory activity against various antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive cocci, with a MIC₉₀ range of 0.12-8 µg/ml. Additionally, inhibiting efflux pump activity can enhance bacterial sensitivity to LBM415, thereby improving its antibacterial efficacy .

HY-162822

P-gp modulator-5	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
P-gp modulator-5 (compound 25) is a modulator of P-gp and can inhibit the proliferation of multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors. P-gp modulator-5 inhibits the activity of drug efflux pumps in MDR cells, leading to a large accumulation of ROS and altered cell cycle profiles .

HY-117763

A-39355	Calcium Channel	Others
A-39355 is a compound that can overcome multidrug resistance and has the activity of reversing multidrug resistance. A-39355 can enhance the cytotoxicity of antitumor compounds in multidrug-resistant cells, increase the accumulation of compounds in cells, inhibit the efflux of compounds, and compared with calcium antagonists, it has no serious hypotensive effect. Its activity may be unrelated to the ability to block calcium transport.

HY-120768

A-30312	Drug Derivative	Others
A-30312 is a compound that can overcome multidrug resistance and has the activity of reversing multidrug resistance. A-30312 can enhance the cytotoxicity of antitumor compounds in multidrug-resistant cells, increase the accumulation of compounds in cells, inhibit the efflux of compounds, and compared with calcium antagonists, it has no serious hypotensive effect. Its activity may be unrelated to the ability to block calcium transport.

HY-161645

P-gp modulator-4	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
P-gp modulator-4 (compound 4c) inhibits the efflux function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp modulator-4 shows multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer reversal activity (IC₅₀ of Paclitaxel (HY-B0015) = 8.80, reversal fold = 211.8) .

HY-144366

P-gp inhibitor 3	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
P-gp inhibitor 3 is an effective P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. P-gp inhibitor 3 inhibits the efflux function of P-gp by activating P-gp ATPase. P-gp inhibitor 3 has relatively stronger multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal ability and enhances the anti-tumor activity of Paclitaxel .

HY-B0501R

Danofloxacin (mesylate) (Standard)	Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Danofloxacin mesylate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Danofloxacin mesylate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Danofloxacin mesylate (CP 76136-27) is a fluoroquinolone used as a veterinary drug. Danofloxacin mesylate has a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity, mainly inhibiting the DNA cycloenzyme of the bacteria. In addition, Danofloxacin mesylate is a substrate for ATP-dependent efflux transporters (P-gp and MRP2) .

HY-N12320

Majoranaquinone	Antibiotic	Infection
Majoranaquinone exhibits a high antibacterial effect against 4 Staphylococcus, 1 Moraxella, and 1 Enterococcus strains. Majoranaquinone shows substantial efflux pump inhibitory activity in Escherichia coliATCC 25922 strain. Majoranaquinone is found to be an effective biofilm formation inhibitor on E.coli, ATCC 25922 and E. coli K-12 AG100 bacteria .

HY-N9947A

(rac)-Methyl-6-gingerol	Antibiotic Bacterial	Infection
(rac)-Methyl-6-gingerol (Compound 14) is the racemate of Methyl-6-gingerol (HY-N9947). Methyl-6-gingerol is an antibiotic that can be isolated from Aframomum melegueta. Methyl-6-gingerol exhibits anti-mycobacterial activity by inhibiting the efflux of toxins within Mycobacterium species .

HY-108694

γ-Tocotrienol 1 Publications Verification	Endogenous Metabolite NF-κB	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
γ-Tocotrienol is an active form of vitamin E. γ-tocotrienol reverses the multidrug resistance (MDR) of breast cancer cells through the signaling pathway of NF-κB and P-gp. γ-Tocotrienol is also a novel radioprotector agent, can mitigate bone marrow radiation damage during targeted radionuclide treatment .

HY-108694R

γ-Tocotrienol (Standard)	Endogenous Metabolite NF-κB	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
γ-Tocotrienol (Standard) is the analytical standard of γ-Tocotrienol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. γ-Tocotrienol is an active form of vitamin E. γ-tocotrienol reverses the multidrug resistance (MDR) of breast cancer cells through the signaling pathway of NF-κB and P-gp. γ-Tocotrienol is also a novel radioprotector agent, can mitigate bone marrow radiation damage during targeted radionuclide treatment .

HY-W107077

INF55	Bacterial	Infection
INF55 is a NoA multidrug resistance pump inhibitor with the activity of inhibiting the NoA pump. The heterocomplex formed by INF55 combined with berberine shows the potential to combat the resistance of bacterial compounds. INF55 can enhance the antibacterial activity of berberine by reducing its efflux. The structural variants of INF55 can show different NoA inhibitory activities, thereby affecting the antibacterial effect of its corresponding heterocomplexes. Different derivatives of INF55 show similar activity in terms of antibacterial dose and effectiveness .

HY-130282

Ianthelliformisamine C ditrifluoroacetate	Bacterial	Infection
Ianthelliformisamine C ditrifluoroacetate is an antibiotic enhancer with activity against resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Ianthelliformisamine C ditrifluoroacetate has been shown to improve the efficacy of doxycycline against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ianthelliformisamine C ditrifluoroacetate was prepared using peptide coupling, resulting in high chemical yields of 27 to 91%. Ianthelliformisamine C ditrifluoroacetate exhibits its mechanism of action by inducing ATP efflux and causing membrane depolarization in bacterial cells.

HY-17390AR

Loxapine (succinate) (Standard)	5-HT Receptor Dopamine Receptor	Infection Neurological Disease
Loxapine (succinate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Loxapine (succinate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Loxapine succinate is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent. Loxapine can also suppresses bacterial efflux pump activity and inhibit intracellular multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in macrophages .

HY-155032

P-gp inhibitor 15	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
P-gp inhibitor 15 (compound 7a) is a nonsubstrate inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). P-gp inhibitor 15 inhibits Pgp-ATPase activity，and interfers Pgp-mediated Rhodamine123 efflux. P-gp inhibitor 15 also enhances the inhibitory efficacy of Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)，inhibits tumor progress in nude mice KBV xenograft tumors model .

HY-156965

BAY-771	Fluorescent Dye	Metabolic Disease Cancer
BAY-771, a structurally close pyrimidinedione, is a chemical probe with good lead-like properties and high permeability in Caco-2 cells (no hint of efflux). BAY-771 shows very weak inhibitory activity in the BCAT1 biochemical assay and no activity in BCAT2. BAY-771 can be used as a negative control of HY-148242 BAY-069. BAY-771 can be used for the research of tumor metabolism .

HY-168077

Antibiofilm agent-12	Fungal	Infection
Antibiofilm agent-12 (Compound C13) is an antifungal agent that belongs to the class of carbazate derivatives. Antibiofilm agent-12 exhibits significant antifungal activity against Candida auris, with a MIC₉₀ of 237.9 μM. By inhibiting the drug efflux pump activity of Candida auris and promoting ergosterol depletion, Antibiofilm agent-12 hinders biofilm formation and reduces the metabolic flexibility of Candida auris. Additionally, Antibiofilm agent-12 demonstrates antifungal activity in a Candida auris-infected C. elegans model .

HY-19895

DS-8587	Bacterial	Infection
DS-8587 is a new fluoroquinolone with significant antibacterial activity. The MIC value of DS-8587 against clinically isolated amoxicillin-resistant Bacillus strains is superior to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The antibacterial activity of DS-8587 is less affected by adeA/adeB/adeC or abeM efflux pumps, and has more advantages than ciprofloxacin. DS-8587 has a lower single-step mutation frequency than ciprofloxacin. DS-8587 may be an effective drug for inhibiting amoxicillin-resistant Bacillus infections .

HY-117931

NS004	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
NS004 is a potassium (BK) channel activator that increases Iberiotoxin (HY-P0190) or Tetraethylammonium (HY-B1793)-sensitive whole-cell efflux currents. NS004 also significantly increased the activity of individual GH3 cell BK channels and rat brain BK channels reorganized into planar lipid bilayers, causing an increase in channel mean open time, a decrease in intermittent time, and an increase in channel voltage/calcium sensitivity .

HY-149360

P-gb-IN-1	P-glycoprotein	Cancer
P-gb-IN-1 (compound Ⅲ-8), a 2,5-disubstituted furan derivative, is a highly effective, broadspectrum P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. P-gb-IN-1 displayed the reversal activity by inhibiting P-gp efflux. P-gb-IN-1 has a potent affinity to P-gp by forming H-bond interactions with residues Asn 721 and Met 986. P-gb-IN-1 possesses broad-spectrum reversal activity and low toxicity in MCF-7/ADR cells .

HY-155198

Antifungal agent 72	Fungal	Infection
Antifungal agent 72 (Compound B8) is a potent antifungal agent. Antifungal agent 72 suppresses the function of efflux pump and down-regulates the resistance-associated genes through blocking the Pdr1-KIX interaction (K_i: 11.7 μM). Antifungal agent 72 is active against Fluconazole (HY-B0101)-resistant with a MIC value of 63 ng/mL, and shows synergistic inhibitory activity with Fluconazole. Antifungal agent 72 can be used for C. glabrata infection research .

HY-N4314

Scutellarein tetramethyl ether 1 Publications Verification 4',5,6,7-Tetramethoxyflavone	Bacterial COX NO Synthase NF-κB	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Scutellarein tetramethyl ether (4',5,6,7-Tetramethoxyflavone) is a bioactive compound extracted from Eupatorium odoratum. Scutellarein tetramethyl ether exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, pro-coagulant, and anti-tumor activities. Scutellarein tetramethyl ether exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the NF-κB pathway and regulates bacterial resistance through the inhibition of efflux pumps. Additionally, Scutellarein tetramethyl ether accelerates coagulation time via the endogenous coagulation pathway. Studies have shown that Scutellarein tetramethyl ether can effectively inhibit the growth of the liver cancer cell line HepG2 (IC₅₀= 20.08 μg/mL) .

HY-N4314R

Scutellarein tetramethyl ether (Standard)	Bacterial COX NO Synthase NF-κB	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Scutellarein tetramethyl ether (Standard) is the analytical standard of Scutellarein tetramethyl ether. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Scutellarein tetramethyl ether (4',5,6,7-Tetramethoxyflavone) is a bioactive compound extracted from Eupatorium odoratum. Scutellarein tetramethyl ether exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, pro-coagulant, and anti-tumor activities. Scutellarein tetramethyl ether exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the NF-κB pathway and regulates bacterial resistance through the inhibition of efflux pumps. Additionally, Scutellarein tetramethyl ether accelerates coagulation time via the endogenous coagulation pathway. Studies have shown that Scutellarein tetramethyl ether can effectively inhibit the growth of the liver cancer cell line HepG2 (IC₅₀= 20.08 μg/mL) .

HY-124187

Pinolenic acid ethyl ester Ethyl pinolenate	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the seed oils of red pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Both oils were found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing marine pine nut oil (MPSO) reduces HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to reduce cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine nut oil supplements may help obesity by reducing appetite. People who take this oil experience an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a decrease in appetite. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not metabolized to arachidonic acid and can reduce the level of arachidonic acid in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.

HY-138074

Milbemycin A4 oxime 5-Ketomilbemycin A4 oxime; 5-Oxomilbemycin A4 5-oxime	Parasite	Infection
Milbemycin A4 oxime (5-Ketomilbemycin A4 oxime; 5-Oxomilbemycin A4 5-oxime) is a derivative of Milbemycin A4 (HY-126906) and a component of Milbemycin oxime (HY-B0778), both of which have insecticidal and nematicidal activities. Milbemycin A4 oxime (0.05 mg/kg) reduces the number of microfilariae in naturally infected dogs with D. immitis and inhibits the growth of clinical isolates of Candida glabrata (MIC₈₀=16-32 μg/mL). Milbemycin A4 oxime (2.5 μg/mL) blocks the efflux of Fluconazole (HY-B0101) from clinical isolates of Candida glabrata. Milbemycin A4 oxime enhances doxorubicin-induced cell growth inhibition and increases the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and P-glycoprotein substrate Rhodamine 123 (HY-D0816) in doxorubicin-resistant but not sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L049

Antibacterial Compound Library	1,531 compounds
Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that fight against pathogenic bacteria. Thus, by killing or reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria, their pathogenic effect in the biological environments will be minimized. The most widely used antibacterial agents exert their effects on bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication and metabolic pathways. However, resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop new drugs targeted at resistant organisms. MCE offers a unique collection of 1,531 compounds with validated antibacterial activities. MCE antibacterial compound library is an effective tool for drug repurposing screening, combination screening and biological investigation.

Antibacterial Compound Library

1,531 compounds

Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that fight against pathogenic bacteria. Thus, by killing or reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria, their pathogenic effect in the biological environments will be minimized. The most widely used antibacterial agents exert their effects on bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication and metabolic pathways. However, resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop new drugs targeted at resistant organisms.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1,531 compounds with validated antibacterial activities. MCE antibacterial compound library is an effective tool for drug repurposing screening, combination screening and biological investigation.

HY-L048

Antifungal Compound Library	410 compounds
The high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are associated with the current limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of the compounds. Additionally, identifying novel drug targets is challenging because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. The most common antifungal targets include fungal RNA synthesis and cell wall and membrane components, though new antifungal targets are being investigated. Nonetheless, fungi have developed resistance mechanisms, such as overexpression of efflux pump proteins, overexpression and changes in drug targets and biofilm formation, emphasizing the importance of discovering new antifungal drugs and therapies. Due to the limited antifungal arsenal, researchers have sought to improve treatment via different approaches, such as the combination of antifungal drugs, development of new formulations for antifungal agents and modifications to the chemical structures of traditional antifungals, etc. MCE offers a unique collection of 410 compounds with validated antifungal activities. MCE antifungal compound library is an effective tool for drug repurposing screening, combination screening and biological investigation.

Antifungal Compound Library

410 compounds

The high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are associated with the current limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of the compounds. Additionally, identifying novel drug targets is challenging because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. The most common antifungal targets include fungal RNA synthesis and cell wall and membrane components, though new antifungal targets are being investigated. Nonetheless, fungi have developed resistance mechanisms, such as overexpression of efflux pump proteins, overexpression and changes in drug targets and biofilm formation, emphasizing the importance of discovering new antifungal drugs and therapies. Due to the limited antifungal arsenal, researchers have sought to improve treatment via different approaches, such as the combination of antifungal drugs, development of new formulations for antifungal agents and modifications to the chemical structures of traditional antifungals, etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 410 compounds with validated antifungal activities. MCE antifungal compound library is an effective tool for drug repurposing screening, combination screening and biological investigation.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-124187

Pinolenic acid ethyl ester Ethyl pinolenate	Drug Delivery
Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the seed oils of red pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Both oils were found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing marine pine nut oil (MPSO) reduces HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to reduce cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine nut oil supplements may help obesity by reducing appetite. People who take this oil experience an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a decrease in appetite. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not metabolized to arachidonic acid and can reduce the level of arachidonic acid in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.

Pinolenic acid ethyl ester

Ethyl pinolenate

Drug Delivery

Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the seed oils of red pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Both oils were found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing marine pine nut oil (MPSO) reduces HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to reduce cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine nut oil supplements may help obesity by reducing appetite. People who take this oil experience an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a decrease in appetite. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not metabolized to arachidonic acid and can reduce the level of arachidonic acid in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area