2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N4118
    Cephaeline
    		99.77%
    Cephaeline ((-)-Cephaeline), a desmethyl analog of Emetine, is a phenolic alkaloid in Indian Ipecac roots isolated from the Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Cephaeline exhibits potent inhibition of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) infections. Cephaeline is an inductor of histone H3 acetylation and an inhibitor of mucoepidermoid carcinoma cancer stem cells (MEC), which promotes ferroptosis by inhibiting NRF2 to exert anti-lung cancer efficacy.
    Cephaeline
  • HY-B1115
    Buspirone hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Buspirone hydrochloride is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Buspirone hydrochloride can be used for anxiety and depression research.
    Buspirone hydrochloride
  • HY-125862
    Glutathione Reductase, baker's yeast
    		Inhibitor
    Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast (EC 1.6.4.2) is a reductase. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast eliminates intracellular ROS. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) using NADPH as an electron donor. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast exerts antioxidant activity. Glutathione reductase is mainly used to study diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as Parkinson's disease and sickle cell anemia.
    Glutathione Reductase, baker's yeast
  • HY-W010201
    Citronellol
    		Activator 98.40%
    Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol
  • HY-N0404
    Sinigrin
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Sinigrin (Allyl-glucosinolate) is an orally active glucosinolate found in cruciferous plants. Sinigrin possesses multiple activities such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and inhibition of fat synthesis. Sinigrin can be used in the research of tumors, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases.
    Sinigrin
  • HY-N0316
    Mollugin
    		Activator 99.48%
    Mollugin is an orally active and potent NF-κB inhibitor. Mollugin induces S-phase arrest of HepG2 cells, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mollugin induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells, as well as an increase in the expression of p-H2AX. Mollugin shows anti-cancer effect by inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Mollugin enhances the osteogenic action of BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) via the p38-Smad signaling pathway.
    Mollugin
  • HY-128525
    Enterobactin
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Enterobactin is a siderophore produced by Gram-negative bacteria and has an extremely high affinity for iron. During the process of Salmonella typhimurium infecting macrophages, Enterobactin can not only help bacteria uptake iron but also reduce the antibacterial activity of macrophages. In addition, Enterobactin is also involved in the oxidative stress response of Escherichia coli. Enterobactin can be hydrolyzed by Fes in the cell and exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.
    Enterobactin
  • HY-148226
    20-5,14-HEDGE
    		Activator 99.28%
    20-5,14-HEDGE is a 20-HETE analog. 20-5,14-HEDGE induces cell death in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). 20-5,14-HEDGE enhances ROS production and reduces hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR)-induced apoptosis in ex vivo rat lung slices. 20-5,14-HEDGE protects against lung ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. 20-5,14-HEDGE can be used for the study of pulmonary vascular signaling and lung injury-related research.
    20-5,14-HEDGE
  • HY-N1312
    Sinapaldehyde
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    Sinapaldehyde is a methoxyphenol and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (IC50: 47.8 µM) that can be extracted from various plants. Sinapaldehyde has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Sinapaldehyde can scavenge DPPH free radicals (IC50: 172 μM). Sinapaldehyde is active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
    Sinapaldehyde
  • HY-14806A
    Teneligliptin hydrobromide
    		Inhibitor 99.99%
    Teneligliptin (MP-513) hydrobromide is an orally active and selective dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (IC50s: 0.37 and 0.29 nM for the human and rat DPP-4, respectively). Teneligliptin hydrobromide improves blood glucose levels and can be used in researches related to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Teneligliptin hydrobromide
  • HY-12542A
    Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.79%
    Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is an orally active, non-competitive glutathione reductase inhibitor with a Ki of 111.6 μM and an IC50 of 52.3 μM. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is also a calcium channel protein inhibitor. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate inhibits the release of Ca2+ from RyR1 and RyR3, which can be beneficial in a variety of pathologies caused by disruptions in calcium homeostasis (e.g., stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases). Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate offers relief of muscle spasms, malignant hyperthermia, and antitoxic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate
  • HY-13244
    Disufenton sodium
    		99.97%
    Disufenton sodium (NXY-059) scavenges free radicals, reduces ischemic damage and exhibits neuroprotective effects.
    Disufenton sodium
  • HY-B0481
    Miglitol
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Miglitol (BAY-m1099) is an orally active antidiabetic compound that inhibits the breakdown of glycoconjugates into glucose. Miglitol inhibits glycoside hydrolase enzymes called α-glucosidases. Miglitol inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial ROS over-production in endothelial cells by enhancement of AMP-activated protein kinase. Dietary supplementation with Miglitol from pre-onset stage in OLETF rats delays the onset and development of diabetes and preserves the insulin secretory function of pancreatic islets.
    Miglitol
  • HY-N0524
    Propyl gallate
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Propyl gallate is a common food antioxidant. Propyl gallate can inhibit the production of acrolein, glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Propyl gallate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor and cardioprotective activities.
    Propyl gallate
  • HY-B0766
    Bicyclol
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Bicyclol (SY801) is an orally active derivative of the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-steatosis, anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor activities. Bicyclol regulates the expression of heat shock proteins and plays an anti-apoptosis role in hepatocytes. Bicyclol reduces the activation of NF-κB and the levels of inflammatory factors in hepatocytes infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) by inhibiting the activation of the ROS-MAPK-NF-κB pathway, and prevents ferroptosis in acute liver injury. Bicyclol can change the expression of Mdr-1, GSH/GST and Bcl-2, increase the intracellular concentration of anticancer drugs, and sensitize drug-resistant cells to anticancer drugs. Bicyclol inhibits the proliferation of human malignant hepatoma cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Bicyclol can be used in the study of chronic hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Bicyclol
  • HY-N5063
    Plantainoside D
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Plantainoside D, a phenylethanoid glycosides, is a IKK-β inhibitor with diverse biological activities. Plantainoside D shows inhibitory activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC50 of 2.17 mM. Plantainoside D significantly reduces the release of glutamate from nerve terminals in the cerebral cortex of rats by inhibiting the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCCs) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade. Plantainoside D significantly alleviates cell apoptosis by inhibiting the generation of ROS and the activation of NF-κB. Plantainoside D significantly improves acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis by regulating the Sirt3/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Plantainoside D can be used for the study of neuroprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antihypertension.
    Plantainoside D
  • HY-P1934A
    Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas alcaligenes cell-free culture supernatants is an antifungal cyclic dipeptide. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) inhibits IFN-β production by interfering with retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) activation. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) exhibits free-radical scavenging activity with the IC50 of 24 µM in the DPPH assay.
    Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)
  • HY-120371
    CPUY192018
    		Inhibitor 98.90%
    CPUY192018 is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction, with an IC50 of 0.63 µM. CPUY192018 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. CPUY192018 can activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway and inhibit the NF-κB-related inflammatory response. CPUY192018 can be used in the research of inflammation-related diseases.
    CPUY192018
  • HY-N0483
    Phillygenin
    		98.55%
    Phillygenin (Phillygenol) is an active ingredient from Forsythia with many medicinal properties, such as antioxidant, reducing blood lipid, inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation.
    Phillygenin
  • HY-N0232
    Psoralidin
    		Activator 99.90%
    Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation.
    Psoralidin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity