2. GPCR/G Protein Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  3. Adenosine Receptor Endogenous Metabolite
  4. Theobromine

Theobromine  (Synonyms: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine)

Cat. No.: HY-N0138 Purity: 99.78%
COA Handling Instructions

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Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in cacao beans which can inhibit adenosine receptor A1 (AR1) signaling.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Theobromine Chemical Structure

Theobromine Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 83-67-0

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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Theobromine:

Theobromine Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Theobromine

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Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) Adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R)

  • Biological Activity

  • Protocol

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in cacao beans which can inhibit adenosine receptor A1 (AR1) signaling.

IC50 & Target

AR1[1]
In Vitro

Theobromine, at concentrations above 25 μM, decreases lipid accumulation in these cells. Cell viability is not affected by Theobromine. Theobromine, at concentrations above 25 μM, suppresses protein expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and adipogenic genes. The mRNA levels of these genes are also decreased by Theobromine[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Theobromine Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Body weights are lower in the Theobromine group than in the vehicle group. In addition, Theobromine suppresses gains in weight of epididymal and perirenal adipose tissues. The mean adipocyte area is smaller in the Theobromine group than in the vehicle group[1]. Theobromine group shows lower counts than the other groups when considering the number of bacteria per fecal weight (p=0.021 and p=0.055 compare to the reference (RF) and the cocoa (CC) groups, respectively). The Theobromine diet leads to higher pH values than those found after the RF and CC diets. Fecal concentrations of lactic acid are not significantly affected by the experimental diets (4.26±1.54 mM in RF group; 1.96±0.41 mM in CC group; 2.69±0.73 mM in Theobromine group)[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

180.16

Formula

C7H8N4O2
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C(N1)N(C)C2=C(N(C)C=N2)C1=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 1.1 mg/mL (6.11 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

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Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

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Volume (start)

V1

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C2

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Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

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(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.78%

COA (254 KB) RP-HPLC (198 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Kinase Assay
[1]

3T3-L1 preadipocytes are pre-incubated with MG132 (10 μM) for 30 min, followed by incubation with IBMX in the presence or absence of Theobromine (25 μM) for 8 h. The cells are lysed in denaturing cell extraction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 70 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 2% SDS) at 95°C for 10 min. The cell lysates are diluted 20 fold with dilution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1mM EGTA, 1% TritonX-100, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate and protease inhibitor cocktail) and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30 s. The supernatant is incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti-C/EBPβ IgG, anti-FLAG IgG or control IgG at 4°C overnight, followed by incubation with 30 μL protein G-Sepharose resin at 4°C for 1 h. The resin is washed with lysis buffer three times and proteins bound to the resin are separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by western blotting[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration
[2]

Lewis rats (3 week old) are used in this study. The rats are randomly distributed into three dietary groups (n=7 per group): the reference (RF) group ingested standard diet AIN-93M, the cocoa (CC) group ingested a standard diet with 10% of natural Forastero cocoa containing 0.25% Theobromine, and the Theobromine (TB) group ingested a standard diet including 0.25% of Theobromine, i.e. the content of Theobromine presents in the CC diet[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL 138.7655 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL 27.7531 mL
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Theobromine Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Theobromine83-67-03,7-DimethylxanthineAdenosine ReceptorEndogenous MetaboliteP1 receptorInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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