2. GPCR/G Protein Neuronal Signaling Apoptosis
  3. Dopamine Receptor Apoptosis
  4. MPTP

MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a brain penetrant dopamine neurotoxin. MPTP can be used to induce Parkinson’s Disease model. MPTP, a precusor of MPP+, induces apoptosis.

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MPTP Chemical Structure

MPTP Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 28289-54-5

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Top Publications Citing Use of Products

50 Publications Citing Use of MCE MPTP

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IF

    MPTP purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Brain Res. 2019 Jul 15;1715:203-212.  [Abstract]

    Immunofluorescence for TH. The intranigral Apelin-13 injection significantly inhibits MPTP-induced the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc.

    MPTP purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Brain Res. 2016 Jul 1;1642:546-552.  [Abstract]

    RNA 5hmC decreases in a MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. MPTP (i.p. 60 mg/kg) is injected to induce Parkinson's disease model in mice. At 24 h after last MPTP injection, open field test is performed. After behavioral tests, the hippocampus (Hipo), the substantia nigra (SN), the striatum (Str), and the cortex (Ctx) are collected and total RNA is extracted. Total 100 ng RNA is used for dot blot analysis to detect 5hmC abundance in RNA samples from different brain regions. Methylene bl

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    Description

    MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a brain penetrant dopamine neurotoxin. MPTP can be used to induce Parkinson’s Disease model. MPTP, a precusor of MPP+, induces apoptosis[1][2][3].

    In Vitro

    Pretreatment with 50 mM 4-phenylpyridine, reduces IC50 (concentration for 50% inhibition of twitch amplitude) values of MPTP from 53 to 18 mM and d-tubocurarine from 0.7 to 0.3 mM, respectively, in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm[2].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    In Vivo

    MPTP can be used in animal modeling to create Parkinson's disease models. MPTP replicates naturally occurring neurodegeneration and is useful for studying dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. After injection, MPTP is rapidly metabolized to MPP+, which has a serum half-life of approximately 6 days in sheep.

    Induction of Parkinsonism model[4][5][6][7]
    Background
    MPTP is free to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, where it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in astrocytes into MPP+, its active & toxic form. MPP+ is taken up by dopamine neurons via a dopamine transporter (DAT), blocking Complex I in the electron transport chain of mitochondria, triggering oxidative stress and mitochondrial breakdown, and finally leading to neuron apoptosis. In Parkinson's disease, it is the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra, the dopamine-producing part of the substantia nigrostriatum system, that causes the disease. Due to the toxic effects of MPTP, it will cause the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, causing symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.
    Specific Modeling Methods
    Mice: C57BL/6 • male • 8-12 week-old (period: 2 weeks), older mice may be more sensitive
    Administration:
    Acute model: 14-20 mg/kg • ip • 4 times a day, two hours apart
    Sub-acute model: 20-30 mg/kg • ip • once daily for 5 days
    Note
    1. After administration, we can observe whether the mice have symptoms such as reduced activity, staggering walking, twitching, fried hair, increased urination, etc. This behavior may last for 24-48 hours, after which the mice behave basically normally.
    2. MPTP is usually sold as MPTP hydrochloride. The molecular weight of MPTP hydrochloride is 209.7. Therefore, it is recommended to take into account the presence of hydrochloride (HCl) when preparing injectable solutions. HCl has a molecular weight of 35.4 and accounts for 17% of MPTP. Thus, if a 20 mg/kg dose of MPTP is to be prepared, the MPTP hydrochloride dose administered is 20 mg kg* 1.17% = 23.4 mg/kg.
    3. If multiple injections are given within 1 day, it is best to alternate the injections on both sides. If injected every day, it should be done at the same time. Before each injection, the mice need to be weighed and the dosage volume should be adjusted.
    4. Modeling mice may not show behavioral defects of Parkinson's disease. Mice may show individual differences, and the success rate of modeling is generally difficult to reach 100%. Therefore nigrostriatal damage associated with gliosis should be mainly monitored in MPTP mouse studies.
    5. High drug dosage/mice weighing less than 22 g/mixing of drugs from different batches/mice not adapting in advance/animal room being too cold may result in a number of deaths. It is recommended that the number of animals in each group be increased, and adjust to the optimal dose according to experimental conditions.
    Modeling Indicators
    Nigrostriatal injury: Tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra and striatum is reduced after successful modeling (IHC, IF, WB, etc.);
    Other markers: reduction of brain neurotransmitters (DA, DOPAC, 5-HT, HVA, etc.) (detected by HPLC);
    Nigrostriatal microglia (IBA1+ cells) and astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) are activated, and the number of α-syn aggregates in the substantia nigra .
    Correlated Product(s): /
    Opposite Product(s): HY-W013494

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Molecular Weight

    173.25

    Formula

    C12H15N
    CAS No.
    SMILES

    CN1CC=C(CC1)C2=CC=CC=C2
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
    Purity & Documentation
    References
    Animal Administration
    [3]

    For the preparation of the LPS rat model and the MPTP mouse model, the treatments of the animals are performed. Briefly, adult rats receive unilateral injections of LPS (0.5 μL of 10 μg/μL diluted in 0.9% saline) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the following coordinates, AP-4.2 mm, L 1.5 mm, and V 7.8 mm, and into the contralateral side with the same volume of 0.9% saline. Adult mice are administered intraperitoneal injections of MPTP of 25 mg/kg per day for five continuous days, and the same volume of saline is injected as a control. All the animals are sacrificed at week 1, 2, 3, or 4 after the LPS or MPTP injections. The brain samples are collected for the subsequent immunohistochemistry and western blot experiments.

    MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    References
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    Keywords:

    MPTP28289-54-5Dopamine ReceptorApoptosisbrainpenetrantneurotoxinParkinson’sDiseaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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