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  5. D-Galactose

D-Galactose  (Synonyms: D-(+)-Galactose)

Cat. No.: HY-N0210 Assay: 99.20%
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D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

D-Galactose Chemical Structure

D-Galactose Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 59-23-4

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Based on 8 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of D-Galactose:

D-Galactose Related Antibodies

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Description

D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

D-Galactose Related Antibodies
In Vivo

D-Galactose can be used in animal models to create subacute aging models in mice and cataract models in rats. Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuronal migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. Moreover, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice serves as a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and the evaluation of neuroprotective drugs and agents. Oral administration of D-galactose leads to cognitive impairment in rats, accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments are observed in the open field test at the 4th and 6th weeks post-administration, and spatial memory deficits are noted in the radial arm maze test after the 6th week. D-Galactose is a classic agent for inducing subacute aging and cataract models. D-galactose alters protein and peptide structures by reacting with their free amino groups, leading to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) during nonenzymatic glycation.

Induction of subacute aging model[5]
Background
D-galactose changes the structure of protein and peptide by reacting with their free amine groups resulting in the accumulation of advanced glycation end (AGE) products through non-enzymatic glycation. AGEs give rise to age-related disorders. Rats and mice are generally used as animal models.
Specific Mmodeling Methods
Mice: C57BL/6J • female • 8-week-old
Administration: 5, 100, 200 mg/day •s.c. • 8 weeks
Note
Modeling Indicators
Body quality changes: Impaired spatial learning and memory of mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
Induced locomotor impairment in LAT in a dose-dependent manner especially in the second day.
Correlated Product(s): /
Opposite Product(s): /

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: female C57BL/6J mice[5]
Dosage: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, 8 weeks
Administration: subcutaneous injection (s.c.)
Result: Impaired spatial learning and memory of mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
Induced locomotor impairment in LAT in a dose-dependent manner especially in the second day.
Molecular Weight

180.16

Formula

C6H12O6
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O)O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 62.5 mg/mL (346.91 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (277.53 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
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Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.20%

COA (247 KB) HNMR (155 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL 138.7655 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL 27.7531 mL
10 mM 0.5551 mL 2.7753 mL 5.5506 mL 13.8766 mL
15 mM 0.3700 mL 1.8502 mL 3.7004 mL 9.2510 mL
20 mM 0.2775 mL 1.3877 mL 2.7753 mL 6.9383 mL
25 mM 0.2220 mL 1.1101 mL 2.2202 mL 5.5506 mL
30 mM 0.1850 mL 0.9251 mL 1.8502 mL 4.6255 mL
40 mM 0.1388 mL 0.6938 mL 1.3877 mL 3.4691 mL
50 mM 0.1110 mL 0.5551 mL 1.1101 mL 2.7753 mL
60 mM 0.0925 mL 0.4626 mL 0.9251 mL 2.3128 mL
80 mM 0.0694 mL 0.3469 mL 0.6938 mL 1.7346 mL
100 mM 0.0555 mL 0.2775 mL 0.5551 mL 1.3877 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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D-Galactose Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

D-Galactose59-23-4D-(+)-GalactoseEndogenous MetaboliteInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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