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  5. Fructose

Fructose  (Synonyms: beta-D-Fructopyranose)

Cat. No.: HY-N0395 Purity: ≥98.0%
SDS COA Handling Instructions

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Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

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Fructose Chemical Structure

Fructose Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 7660-25-5

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Fructose Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Fructose

  • Biological Activity

  • Protocol

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

In Vitro

Fructose, at low concentrations do not cause any significant increase of Tissue factor (TF)-mRNA levels. On the contrary, higher Fructose concentrations cause increase in TF mRNA levels at 60 min, as compare to unstimulated cells. Increasing Fructose concentrations causes significant decrease of tPA-mRNA levels. SOD significantly prevents Fructose induced NF-κB activation which is associated with the parallel reduction of Fructose-induced TF expression/activity[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Fructose Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Myosin H Chain Fragment, mouse can be used for animal modelling to construct myocarditis models[1][2].

1. Induction of high uric acid[3]

Background
Fructose accelerates the synthesis of purines, increases the production of uric acid, reduces the excretion of uric acid by affecting kidney function, and also produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, activating inflammatory signaling pathways and promoting uric acid production.
Specific Mmodeling Methods
Mice: ICR male mice • 18-22 g Administration: 30% Fructose in drinking water • intragastrically • for six weeks
Note
(1) Mice were placed in a temperature and humidity controlled environment with a 12 h light-dark cycle[3].
(2) Fresh drinking water was replaced every 2 days[3].
(3) 24 h urine volume was collected and recorded[3].
Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: mouse renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) increased protein levels, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) decreased protein levels, and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2 were downregulated. Increases protein levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in the kidneys. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated and IL-1β secretion is increased[3].
Tissue changes: Infiltration of inflammatory cells in mouse glomeruli[3].
Metabolic changes: Increase serum uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen levels, reduce urine uric acid and creatinine levels (FEUA is significantly reduced)[3].
Correlated Product(s): /
Opposite Product(s): /



2. Induction of type 2 diabetes[4]

Background
Fructose's metabolites induce insulin resistance, and the reactive oxygen species produced lead to oxidative stress, activate inflammatory responses and affect the action of insulin. Fructose is rapidly metabolized in the liver, resulting in excess production, leading to obesity and hyperlipidemia.
Specific Mmodeling Methods
Rats: Male Sprague Dawley rats • 200-250 g Administration: 65% fructose • oral administration • 8 weeks of feeding
Note
(1) At 3 and 8 weeks, blood was collected from the retroorbital plexus using small capillary tubes and serum was collected for biochemical analysis[4].
Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: Serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid levels and insulin resistance were significantly increased. TBARS in liver tissue increased and GSH levels decreased[4].
Correlated Product(s): /
Opposite Product(s): /

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

180.16

Formula

C6H12O6
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@](O)(CO)OC1
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: ≥98.0%

SDS (393 KB)

COA (251 KB) HNMR (146 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Cell Assay
[1]

HUVECs are incubated with Fructose (0.25, 1 and 2.5 mM) for 30 min. Then, cells are washed with PBS and then fresh medium is added. Total mRNA is extracted by cell cultures using TRIzol reagent, at baseline and 60 min after Fructose stimulation and Tissue factor (TF) mRNA levels are examined by realtime reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In positive control experiments, HUVECs are incubated with LPS (50 μg/mL), for 30 min and then mRNA is extracted at 60 min[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration
[2]

50 young adult (7-wk-old) male C57BL6 wild-type mice (~18 g) are divided into 10 cages and acclimatized to a reversed light cycle. Mice are fed a nonpurified commercial diet ad libitum for the first 4 days. On the 5th day and then throughout the experiment, diets are removed at 2001 (lights on) and returned at 0801 (lights off). For days 8 to 14, diets are switched to pellets containing either 0% Fructose, 10% sucrose, 20% glucose (termed as "0% Fructose") or 20% Fructose, 10% sucrose, or 0% glucose (20% Fructose). On the 15th day, mice are killed at 0800 before feeding and 0900, 1030, 1200, and 1530 during the dark phase, with n=5 for each time point and diet[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL 138.7655 mL
5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL 27.7531 mL
10 mM 0.5551 mL 2.7753 mL 5.5506 mL 13.8766 mL
15 mM 0.3700 mL 1.8502 mL 3.7004 mL 9.2510 mL
20 mM 0.2775 mL 1.3877 mL 2.7753 mL 6.9383 mL
25 mM 0.2220 mL 1.1101 mL 2.2202 mL 5.5506 mL
30 mM 0.1850 mL 0.9251 mL 1.8502 mL 4.6255 mL
40 mM 0.1388 mL 0.6938 mL 1.3877 mL 3.4691 mL
50 mM 0.1110 mL 0.5551 mL 1.1101 mL 2.7753 mL
60 mM 0.0925 mL 0.4626 mL 0.9251 mL 2.3128 mL
80 mM 0.0694 mL 0.3469 mL 0.6938 mL 1.7346 mL
100 mM 0.0555 mL 0.2775 mL 0.5551 mL 1.3877 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Fructose Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Fructose7660-25-5beta-D-FructopyranoseOthersInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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